Effects of global change and human impact on sustainable use of Mongolian nomadic pastures

在蒙古，由于绒山羊、城市化和市场经济的增加，过度放牧、居住固定、土地耕作和放弃以及森林放牧最近得到了推进。延续了一千多年的传统游牧方式和牧场的土地利用方式发生了变化。由于土壤碱化和耐牧植物的支配，过度放牧和农业耕作的持续不断的土壤干扰使牧场不适合游牧利用，即使在林区也是如此。另一方面，季节性居留引起的暂时性心灵扰乱不会因季节性和年度移居而产生土壤碱化和耐牧植物的优势。牲畜放牧本身增加了牧场植物的生物多样性和生产力，除非放牧太难。在不同高度的绵羊、山羊和牛的采伐试验表明，山谷和坡地的年生产量较高的是…较多分别采用牛高采伐和绵羊山羊高采伐。像传统游牧民族那样，把牛牵进山谷，把绵羊和山羊牵到山坡上，这是对牧场的合理利用。可食用植物中的耐牧性植物不会降低可食用植物的生产力，而是通过从总量上遮荫来缓解土壤干燥而提高可食用植物的生产力。毗邻牧场的森林树龄都在几十年以上，里面没有树苗。这意味着森林在几十年前再生了，但由于在其中放牧，它们在几十年内没有再生。与牧场相邻的森林的枯死可能会促进牧场的干燥，因为森林在水分循环中具有保水功能。结果表明，保持牧草高度生物多样性的适度放牧压力适合蒙古族的自然游牧，游牧作为可持续的第一产业在蒙古国延续了一千多年。较少

In Mongolia, overgrazing, residence fixation, land cultivation and its abandonment, and grazing in forests has been advanced recently due to increase in cashmere goat, urbanization and the market economy. Style of traditional nomadism which lasted more than one thousand years and land use of pastures have been changed. Continuous soil disturbance by overgrazing and agricultural tilling make pastures unsuitable for nomadic use as the result of soil alkalization and domination by grazing-tolerant plants even in the forest zone. On the other hand, temporary soul disturbance caused by seasonal residence does not produce soil alkalization and domination by grazing-tolerant plants due to seasonal and yearly transfer of residence. Livestock grazing itself increases biodiversity and productivity of pasture plants unless the grazing is too hard. Cutting experiments at different heights of sheep and goat, and cattle showed that higher annual production in the valley and on the slope was produced … More by cattle-height cutting and sheep and goat height cutting, respectively. Leading cattle into valley and sheep and goat onto slope as conducted in traditional nomadisim is reasonable use of pastures. Grazing-tolerant plants in edible plants does not decrease the productivity of edible plants but increase it due to easing the soil drying by shading from the sum. Tree ages of forests adjacent to pastures are all old more than several ten years, and there are no saplings in them. These mean that the forests regenerated several ten years before but that they have not regenerate during several ten years because of grazing in them. Dying away _of forests adjacent to pastures may promote drying of the pastures, because forests have the function of water preservation in water cycle. It is ascertained that the intermediate, adequate grazing pressure of livestock which maintains high biodiversity of pasture plants has fitted nomadism for Mongolian nature, and nomadism has continued more than one thousand years in Mongolia as the sustainable primary industries. Less