Public Works Management in a Local Government in Aging Society with Declining Birthrate under Internationalization

(1)地方政府供水和污水处理设施建设管理中存在的问题。对Tosayamada镇供水和污水处理设施的建设进行了探讨。更新城镇中退化的供水设施迫在眉睫，但这将大幅增加不可赎回债券的数量。在市镇大部分地区发展公共污水管网的“整体计划”的实施，也会给市镇带来更沉重的财政负担。此外，干旱期河流量的进一步减少会使鱼类的生存条件恶化。在人口密度低的地区，应研究每户安装化粪池的可行性。在这次调查中发现，大多数人对该镇的供水服务水平满意，如低水费和良好的水质。然而，许多人不了解水的净化过程，供水设施的退化问题……更多的城市，甚至公共污水处理系统的基本功能。传统的官民关系可以用“国家-私人双轴理论”来表述。在这里，行政官员代表着国家和公众，他们被认为是实现“善的价值”的象征。国家之外的另一部分被定义为私人的，被认为是实现“恶”价值的。在传统的基础设施开发和管理中，这种与国家-私营相结合的双轴理论一直行之有效。然而，最近这种关系不像以前那样好了，因为管理者的“私人”和每个人作为“居民”或“公民”而不是一个国家的“多方面”行为。新公共性的发展是需要的，这不是由行政官员开发的。(2)日本公共工程制度改革运用社会心理学中的信任结构理论，探讨了日本和美国公共工程制度的特点，并提出了一个框架来探讨日本公共工程制度改革的方向。美国急需改革的问题是培养公共客户和承包商之间的信任，日本急需改革的问题是制定和实施明确的投标规则，引入进度付款方案是其第一步。(3)风险管理流程的开发针对传统风险管理流程的局限性，开发了一种新的风险与不确定性管理流程原型“多方风险与不确定性管理流程（MRUMP）”。少

(1)Problems in management of development of water supply and sewage treatment facilities in a local governmenDevelopment of water supply and sewage treatment facilities in Tosayamada town is discussed. Renewing the degraded water supply facilities in the town is urgent, but it would sharply increase the amount of irredeemable bonds. Implementation of the town's"whole plan"to develop a public sewerage network in a large part of the town would also bring heavier financial burden to the town. Moreover, it would worsen living conditions of fish due to further decrease in river flow volume in drought period. In area with low population density, viability of installation of septic tank at each house should be studied.In this survey it was found that most of people in the town are satisfied with the high level of water supply service such as low water rate and good water quality. Many people, however, do not understand the water purification process, degradation problems of water supply facil … More ities, or even basic functions of the public water sewerage systems.The conventional relationship between the administrative officer and people is represented with the term of"two axes theory with nation-private."Here, the administrative officers represent the nation and publicness, and they have been considered a symbol of realizing"good value."The other part than the nation is defined as private, and it is considered to realize"evil"value. In the conventional infrastructure development and management, this two axes theory with nation-private has been working well. Recently, however, this relationship do not work as well as before due to elicitation of"private"in the administrator and"multi-faceted"actions by each individual as an"resident"or a"citizen"other than a nation. Development of new publicness, which is not developed by the administrative officer, is needed.(2)Reform of Japanese public works systemsApplying the structural theory of trust developed in the socio-psychology, characteristics of the Japanese and the U.S.public works systems are discussed, and a framework is proposed to discuss a direction of reform of the Japanese systems. The urgent reform issue in the U.S.is to cultivate the trust between the public client and the contractor, and the Japanese issue is to develop and practice a clear bidding rule, Introduction of the progress payment scheme is its first step.(3)Development of risk management processAiming to overcome limitations on conventional risk management process, a prototype of new risk and uncertainty management process called"multi-party risk and uncertainty management process (MRUMP)"has been developed. Less