French Philosophy in the latter half of 19th Century and the English Influences on its Development

我们的研究是为了追溯第二帝国后法国哲学的发展，考虑到当代英国思想的影响，特别是联想心理学(J.S.Mill，Bain，Spencer)和进化论(Spencer，Darwin)。为了厘清1860年S时期的法国哲学状况，我们密切关注了密尔作为认识论和心理学家的个案。穆尔的激进经验主义，由H.丹纳、L.佩塞和E.卡泽尔引入法国，正如他们所想的那样，被折中的和唯心主义的哲学家称为非常广泛的反击。我们发现，正是在60年代S的法英之争中，法国哲学被后来的人(拉瓦松、保罗·珍妮特)确定并命名为法国哲学。在法国，唯心主义学派将心理学作为其形而上学哲学的基础。就是Th。里博特运用英国思想的一般精神，成功地批判了他们的旧心理学观念，即完全建立在内省方法基础上的科学。七十年代S(以及其他革命哲学的奠基者)Ribot的广泛行动，迫使唯心论者改变了他们生存的“场所”。这些思考使我们能够更好地理解80年代以后新康德主义(布伦舍维奇主义)和柏格森主义的兴起。

Our research was carried out to retrace the development of French Philosophy after the Second Empire, taking in account of influences of contemporary English thoughts, especially associationist psychology (J. S. Mill, Bain, Spencer) and evolutionism (Spencer, Darwin). In order to clarify the french philosophical situations in 1860's, we paid close attention to the case of J. S. Mill as epistemologist and psychologist. Mill's radical experientialism, introduced in France by H. Taine, L. Peisse and E. Cazelles, called, as they intended, a very wide counterattack from the eclectic and spiritualist philosophers. We found the fact that it is in the course of this french-english controversy in 60's that the "French Philosophy" was identified and named as such by the latters (Ravaisson, Paul Janet).In France, the spiritualist school had considered psychology as the basis of its metaphysical philosophy. It is Th. Ribot who, applying the general spirit of English Thought, criticized successfully their old idea of psychology, science exclusively based on introspective method. The extensive actions of Ribot in 70's (among others the foundation of Revue Philosophique), forced the spiritualists to change the "places" where to keep their own existence. These considerations allow us to understand the emergence of neo-kantism (Brunschevicg) and bergsonism after 80's.