States, International Organizations and NGOs in Democracy Support: Towards a Comprehensive Framework of Analysis

自20世纪90年代以来，一些国家、国际组织和非政府组织参与了促进和建设民主的支持计划。今天，促进民主是发展合作的主要目标之一。本研究项目试图分析捐赠者的民主支持计划，包括双边和多边的、政府的和非政府的。研究项目的主要成果摘要如下。首先，随着国家通过举行自由选举而变得民主，促进民主的任务让位于对治理的支持(特别是中央政府、议会和法院等国家机构)。在这种后民主化的情况下，从支持进一步民主化的角度来看，重要的是如何将这些目标纳入治理支助方案。在努力支持加强治理时，特别重要的是要考虑到国家各机关在政治制度内的总体平衡。无论政治制度是总统制还是议会制，对治理支持方案的指导方式都有很大不同。第二，在旨在预防冲突局势和从冲突局势中恢复的建设和平活动中，民主建设的观点被认为是重要的。一方面，正在呼吁将冲突观点纳入包括民主支持在内的发展方案。另一方面，人们认为有必要在建设和平活动中考虑到促进民主的必要性。欧洲联盟(欧盟)和联合国开发计划署(开发计划署)是参与建设和平最多的两个多边组织。由于组织结构的原因，这两个组织在适应将促进民主观点纳入其建设和平活动这一挑战方面存在体制上的困难。

Since the 1990s, a number of states, international organizations, and NGOs have been engaged in support programs for promoting and building democracy. Democracy promotion is today one of the major objectives of development cooperation. This research project attempted to analyze democracy support programs of donors, bilateral and multilateral, governmental and non-governmental. A summary of major findings of the research project is as follows. In the first place, the task of democracy promotion gives way to support for governance (especially such state institutions as central government, parliament, and court) as countries become democratic by holding free elections. In such instances of post-democratization, what counts from the perspective of supporting further democratization is how to make an input of such objectives into governance support programs. It is especially important to take into account the overall balance of each organ of the state within a political system when trying to support the strengthening of governance. Whether a political system is presidential or parliamentary makes a significant difference as to the way governance support programs are to be directed. Secondly, the view point of democracy building is considered important in peace-building activities, which aim to achieve prevention of and recovery from conflict situations. On the one hand, incorporation of conflict perspective in development programs including democracy support is being called for. On the other hand, it is believed necessary to take into account the necessity of democracy promotion in peace-building activities. The European Union (EU) and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) are two multilateral organizations most involved with peace-building. Both organizations have institutional difficulty in adapting to this challenge of putting the view point of democracy promotion in their peace-building activities due to organizational structures.