Diversity and evolution of Piper, with special reference to chemical component

为了比较形态研究、分子系统发育和化学分析，我们于2004年8月访问了美国加州科学院、加州大学伯克利分校和东京大学的植物标本馆。在2005年7月和8月期间，还访问了慕尼黑植物园、波恩大学植物园和德累斯顿工业大学植物园。利用这些研究所的资料以及在东南亚各地和京都植物园的实地考察资料进行系统发育和化学分析。基于nrDNA ITS区核苷酸变异的系统进化树显示，包括来自小asawara Is的M.(Piper) postelsianum在内的Macropiper属植物属于单系。，它是另一个由亚洲种组成的分支的姐妹。黄花椒与黄花椒属同一枝。采用薄层色谱法比较了不同种属间的特征化学成分。结果表明，各品种间的TLC图谱非常相似。除苯丙酸外，还分离出一种kawalactone (dihydromethystichin)，表明m.p elsianum与m.p elsiticum亲缘关系密切。从黄花参中分离得到26个化学成分。主要成分为酸酰胺，胡椒碱含量较高。在该物种中发现的酸酰胺和木脂素骨架在所研究的派珀种中最接近于P.nigrum。这些结果似乎与分子系统发育的结果一致。

For comparative morphological studies, molecular phylogeny and chemical analysis on the genus Piper, the herbaria of the California Academy of Science, the University of California, Berkeley, and the University of Tokyo were visited in August 2004. Munich Botanical Gardens, the Botnical Garden of Bonn University and the Botanical Garden of Dresden Technological University were also visited during July and August 2005. Materials obtained from these institutes as well as those by field researches in various localities of SE Asia and from Kyoto Botanical Garden were used for phylogenetic and chemical analysis. The phylogenetic tree based on the nucleotide variation of nrDNA ITS region shows monophyly of the genus Macropiper including M.(Piper) postelsianum from Ogasawara Is., which is sister to another Clade consisting of Asian species of Piper sensu strict. Piper flaviflorum belonged to the same Clade as P.nigrum. The characteristic chemical components were compared among species using TLC. As the result, the TLC patterns of Macropiper species were very similar to each other. As well as phenylpropoanoids, a kind of kawalactone (dihydromethystichin) was isolated from M.postelsianum, which also suggested close relationship between M.postelsianum and M.methysticum. From P.flaviflorum 26 chemical components were isolated. Major components of this species were acid amide and the proportion of Piperine was relatively high. The acid amide and lignan skeleton found in this species was closest to P.nigrum among the species of Piper examined. These results appear to be consistent to the result of molecular phylogeny.