"Information Organization Movement" in Germany in the early Twentieth Century and its influence on the Graphic Design

本研究的目的是探讨继W。Ostwald，A. Saager和K. Buhrer在1908年，并追溯其对20世纪20年代德国平面设计运动的影响。在这次调查中，我问的主要问题是：从平面设计的角度来看，桥的运动实际上是什么？DIN纸张格式是如何确定和引入德国的，可以追溯到桥梁运动？这场运动对20世纪20年代的平面设计有什么突出的影响？1)至于桥梁运动，这项研究涉及的活动的Buhrer，因为很少有人知道他，尽管他的重要规则发挥了桥梁的建立。因此，本研究将桥梁运动描述为德国当代印刷文化和广告的改革运动。例如桥已经参加了著名的协会“德国Werkbund”，提出了一个标准化的纸共振峰展览海报1914年在科隆。2）对于通过DIN纸格式，沃尔特Porstmann谁是助理和秘书奥斯特瓦尔德，发挥了重要作用。他是米制的研究者，批判地继承了奥斯特瓦尔德的“世界格式”设计。结果，在1918年举行的标准化委员会会议上，他的计划被政府部门的代表接受，并被确定为DIN格式。3）在20世纪20年代对平面设计的诸多影响中，通过对赫伯特·拜尔和扬·奇霍尔德的文本和作品的分析，证明了基于“元素主义”的“元素排版”趋势对信息组织的总体理念的广泛接受。

The purpose of this study is to investigate into "Information Organization Movement" after the "Bridge" movement established by W. Ostwald, A. Saager and K. Buhrer in 1908 and trace its influence on the graphic design movement in the 1920s Germany. The main questions I asked in this investigation were: what was Bridge movement in fact from the standpoint of graphic design? ; How was the DIN paper format determined and introduced in Germany which can be traced back the Bridge movement? ; What was the prominent influence of this movement on the graphic design in the 1920s?1) As to Bridge movement, this study addressed on the activity of Buhrer, since little is known about him in spite of his important rule played for the establishment of the Bridge. As a result this study described the Bridge movement as a reform movement for contemporary print cultur and advertising in Germany. For example the Bridge already participated the well-known association "German Werkbund", proposed a standardarized paper formant for exhibition poster 1914 in Koln.2) For the adoption of DIN paper format, Walter Porstmann who was an assistant and secretary of Ostwald, played an important role. He was a researcher of a metric system and succeeded to a design of "world format" of Ostwald critically. As a result, in a standardization committee meeting held in 1918, his plan was received by representative of government offices, and it was established as a DIN format. I clarified the process in this study.3) Among the much influences on graphic design in the 1920s, I proved that a general idea of information organization was well received by a trend of "elemental typography" based on the "elementalism" derived from an art movement in particular by analyzing texts and works of Herbert Bayer and Jan Tschichold.