Cholera and Sanitary Measures: The Politics of Epidemic Disease

这项研究最初的计划是为了扩大我以前关于埃及霍乱流行和苏伊士运河检疫措施的论文。我阐明了大英帝国的政策对预防霍乱流行的卫生措施产生巨大影响的方式。这篇论文论述了19世纪80年代的情况。后来，我觉得我必须把英国，尤其是伦敦的卫生措施追溯到19世纪中叶。我还想说明这些措施的形成过程。查德威克、斯诺、巴泽尔杰特和南丁格尔著名的卫生改革与伦敦的4次霍乱流行同时发生。随着我的研究不断深入，伦敦的卫生措施以两种方式取得进展的事实变得清晰起来。一是土木工程应对泰晤士河污水的对策，二是军事卫生措施的改革。在前一种情况下，在泰晤士河两岸建造了拦截下水道。土木工程师巴泽尔杰特扮演了最重要的角色。后一个方案的开始是基于南丁格尔在克里米亚战争期间在斯库塔里医院的经验，那里约有16 000名士兵因卫生条件差而死亡。南丁格尔深感内疚，她决心利用自己的经验，在军队、医学教育和军队医院的设计中提出卫生改革建议。1855年，《Punch》杂志刊登了一张著名的照片，迈克尔·法拉第（Michael Faraday）在照片中向泰晤士神父（Father Thames）递上名片，1858年的大恶臭（Great臭）事件也曝光了泰晤士河被污染的情况。然而，事实上，很少有关于水政策的系统研究。我发现德国著名化学家李比希（Justus von Liebig）与伦敦污水处理之间有一个有趣的关系。李比希强烈批评将污水排入大海的做法，因为他认为，基于农业化学理论，污水有作为肥料的价值，他的建议是鼓励污水循环利用。由于抽水马桶的普及，这项事业中断了。然而，这是我们当代环境问题的一个具有启发性的例子。少

This research was originally planed with the intention of enlarging my former paper on cholera epidemic in Egypt and quarantine measures on the Suez Canal. I elucidated the way in which British imperial policy exerted great influence on sanitary measures against the cholera epidemics. The paper treated the period of the 1880s. I subsequently felt I had to trace sanitary measures in Britain, especially in London, back to the middle of the nineteenth century. I also want to throw light on the process of formation of these measures.The famous sanitary reforms of Chadwick, Snow, Bazalgette, and Nightingale and 4 epidemics of cholera in London overlapped. As my research developed research, the fact that sanitary measures in London progressed in two ways became clear. One was civil engineering countermeasures to cope with the sewage-filled River Thames, the other was the reform of military sanitary measures. In the former case, intercepting sewers were constructed on both sides of the Thames … More across London. The most important role was played by the civil engineer, Bazalgette. The beginning of the latter programme was based on Nightingale's experience in Scutari hospital during the Crimean War, where about 16,000 soldiers died as a result of poor sanitation. Nightingale suffered from guilt and made up her mind to make use of her experience in proposing sanitary reforms in the military, and in medical education, and in the design of military hospitals.The polluted Thames condition was publicized by a famous picture in Punch in 1855, with Michael Faraday presenting his card to Father Thames, and also by the Great Stink of 1858. However, there has been, in fact, little systematic research on water policy. I have found an interesting relationship between the famous German chemist Justus von Liebig and London sewage treatment. Liebig had strongly criticized the disposal of sewage in the sea because of his view, based on this theories of agricultural chemistry, that sewage had value as fertilizer, and his advice was to encourage sewage recycling. This enterprise was not carried out, as it was interrupted by the popularization of flush toilets. However this is a suggestive example for our contemporary environmental problem. Less