Study of the cleaning for managing the maintenance of the residence

住宅的清洁是一项基础工作，不仅对享受美好清洁的生活很重要，而且对住户通过日常检查和房屋内外的小维修来管理住宅的维护也很重要。然而，近年来，虽然房屋的使用寿命受到了挑战，但房屋本身以及居住方式已经发生了很大的变化，这就降低了清洁的强度和频率。本研究旨在澄清居民使用了哪些技术以及这些技术是如何转移到现在的。为此，笔者收集了明治以来出版的月刊文章，掌握了传统居住区房屋养护管理的实际状况和以清洁为主的住房意识，以弄清时代、清洁工具、清洁方式的变化。作者还阐述了对未来房屋维修管理有用的技术，以及作为生活文化在现代生活中应该接手的事项。(1)月刊中观察到的清洁：选择的月刊为“住宅”和“家庭主妇之友”。前者从1916年发射到1943年关闭，共28年；后者从1908年发射到1988年昭和时代结束，共81年。笔者收集了以清洗为主的维修管理相关文章，并对所述内容进行了分析。收录的文章有《富士之友》64篇、《宅宅》42篇。在“Fujinnotomo”中发现了以下趋势。(1)在中产阶级家庭中，负责清洁的人从女佣变成了家庭主妇。(2)家里的清洁场所主要是客厅，在吸尘器普及之前，每天早餐前都要按照除尘、扫地、湿抹布擦拭的顺序进行清洁。重点放在把房子擦得漂漂亮亮上。(3)杂志中的《清洁》从强调时间和劳动管理的角度出发，重点是亲切地度过日常生活，把房子住得漂亮干净。以下是在“Jutaku”中发现的。(4)寻找降低人工成本的合理方法，如使用真空吸尘器代替雇佣女佣。(2)传统住宅的家庭清洁：调查的对象是主要的传统建筑保护地区，如岐阜县美诺市、大阪府东林市、冈山县高桥市的福屋，以及京都中古区，这些地区的传统生活习惯仍然很强烈。在1985-1987年期间共对14个家庭进行了调查。调查结果如下：(1)日常清洁主要集中在日常使用的房间，并且日常清洁面积的跨度有减小的趋势。作为工具，不仅有吸尘器，还有我们熟悉的轻便扫帚、抹布和抹布。除了京都的“屋前清洁”外，一般都是在早餐后进行10-90分钟的清洁。丈夫和妻子经常合作。家庭清洁被认为是一种义务，从来没有考虑过使用外部劳动力。(3)由于被调查房屋的内部和外部木材都是实心木材，从新建时代开始持续的习惯性清洁产生了木材的光泽，容易去除污渍。精心居住的房屋的出现让我们感受到生活习惯传承的重要性。少

The cleaning of a residence is a basic work that is important not only for enjoying beautiful and clean life, but also for managing the maintenance of the residence though routine checking and minor repairing inside and outside the house by the hands of the dweller. In recent years, however, although the life extension of housing is challenged, housing itself as well as living style have widely changed, which has reduced the intensity and frequency of cleaning. This study aimed to clarify what kinds of techniques residents used and how these techniques have been transferred up to now. For these purposes, the author collected articles in monthly magazines published since the Meiji Era, and grasped the actual state of the maintenance management of housing and awareness on housing mainly on cleaning in traditional residential districts, in order to clarify changes due to the age, cleaning tools, and approaches. The author also clarified the techniques useful for the future maintenance man … More agement of housing, as well as the matters that should be took over in modern life as living culture.(1)Cleaning observed in monthly magazines :The monthly magazines chosen as the objects are "Jutaku (residence)" and "Fujinnotomo (friend of housewives)." The former covers 28 years since the launch in 1916 up to the closing in 1943, and the latter covers 81 years since the launch in 1908 up to the end of the Showa Era in 1988. The author collected articles related to the maintenance management mainly on cleaning, and analyzed the described contents.Collected articles are 64 articles from "Fujinnotomo" and 42 articles from "Jutaku." The following trends were found in "Fujinnotomo." (1)In middle-class households, persons in charge of cleaning shifted from maids to housewives. (2)The cleaning places in the house were mainly living rooms, and before the popularization of vacuum cleaners, the cleaning in the order of dusting, sweeping and wet-rag wiping was repeated before breakfast every days. Focus was placed on beautifully polishing the house. (3) Cleaning in the magazine was written from the viewpoint of emphasizing the management of time and labor, and focus was placed on cordially spending daily life, and beautifully and cleanly living in the house. The following was found in "Jutaku." (4)Rational methods to reduce labor costs were sought, such as using vacuum cleaners in place of hiring maids(2)Domestic cleaning in traditional residences :The areas chosen as the objects of surveying were major traditional building preservation districts such as Mino City, Gifu Prefecture, Tondabayashi City, Osaka Prefecture, and Fukiya in Takahasi City, Okayama Prefecture, as well as Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto City, where traditional living habits strongly remained. The survey was conducted on totally 14 households during 1985-1987. The survey results ware as follows. (1)Daily cleaning was carried out mainly on daily used rooms, and the span of daily cleaning area tended to decrease. As the tools, not only vacuum cleaners, but also lightweight familiar brooms, dusters, and rags were continuously used. Except for "Kadohaki (house-front cleaning)" in Kyoto, cleanings for 10-90 min were carried out after breakfast. Husbands and wives often cooperated. (2)Domestic cleaning was considered to be a duty and the use of outside labor was never thought of. (3)Since the interior and exterior lumbers of the surveyed houses were made of solid lumbers, habitual cleaning that continued from the newly-built age generated the luster of lumber, which made it easy to remove stains. The appearance of carefully living houses made us feel the importance of the succession of lifestyle habits. Less