Formation of Landscape and Ideas of Natural Beauty in the English Landscape Gardens of the 18th Century

在这一年里，我研究了英国的两个园林景观和一些历史文献。然后，我研究了自然风光美的理论。我调查的两个花园是Lancelot Brown设计的Syon House和Charles Hamilton设计的Painshill。我把两个花园的现状与原来的情况作了比较。在文献调查方面，我将托马斯·惠特利（Thomas Whately）的《现代园艺观察》（Observation on Modern Gardening, 1770）全部翻译成日文。18世纪中叶，布朗制作了许多没有象征元素的景观园林，但没有写任何理论文本。所以我们不能从他的话中了解他的园艺理论。然而，惠特利的观察是针对布朗所提出的这种花园理论的。在这篇文章中，惠特利假定了风景的特征，这是园艺中最重要的原则。因此，花园中所有元素的形状和布局都是根据风景的主要特征来决定的。人物是直接印象和观念这样的美，伟大和简单。为了深入理解人物的概念，我研究了它与经验主义（洛克、休谟）、当代园艺理论（申斯通、梅森、沃波尔）的关系。因此，我得出结论，惠特利对风景的看法源于古典诗学理论和洛克的经验主义。

In this year, I researched two landscape gardens and some historical documents in England. Then I investigated the theories of beauty of natural scenery.Two gardens which I investigated are Syon House by Lancelot Brown, Painshill by Hon Charles Hamilton. I compared the present condition with the original of two gardens.Concerning document investigation, I translated all text of 'Observation on Modern Gardening' (1770) by Thomas Whately into Japanese.In the middle of 18th century, Brown made many landscape gardens which had no emblematic elements, but didn't write any theoretical text. So we don't know his gardening theory by his words. However the observation of Whately treats the theory of such gardens as Brown made. In this text, Whately assumes the character of the scenery the most important principle in gardening. The figures and the dispositions of all elements of gardens therefore are determined according to each prevailing character of scenery. The character is direct impression and idea such beauty, greatness and simplicity. To understand the idea of character deeply, I investigated the relations with the empiricism (Lock, Hume), the contemporary gardening theory (Shenstone, Mason, Walpole). In consequence I conclude that Whately's vision of scenery derives from the classical theory of poetics and the empiricism of Lock.