Intercultural experiences of Japanese retired seniors and international students : Related factors and Transfarrence of Cognitive Appraisal towards Cultural Norms

这项研究开始调查日本退休老人和日本留学生，看看他们如何适应和体验他们的新文化。然而，由于对退休老人的研究很少，了解退休老人留在海外的现实成为这项研究的首要任务。这项研究采访了澳大利亚和泰国的约60名日本老人，解释了澳大利亚和泰国的社会背景，以及如何以及为什么接收来自日本的退休老人。它描述了老年人在新的环境中享受着高尔夫或新的人际关系的光明生活，也描述了长期居留的阴暗面；日本老年人因为担心养老金而决定留在海外，因为养老金太低而无法在日本生活的老年人，或者在日本找不到适合自己的单身男性老年人。在文化接触方面，考虑到Ar…，考察了他们在东道主语境下的人际互动他们待得更久了。此外，还通过访谈掌握了他们的语言能力、交流中的压力以及他们对东道主文化规范的感知，以了解这些因素之间的关系。结果发现，对于日本老年人来说，澳大利亚语境和泰国语境有很多不同之处。据报道，在澳大利亚，夫妻双方经常外出，做同样的活动，并呆在一起，他们有很强的联系。在泰国，有大量的日本人社区，他们之间的互动也很活跃。泰国和日本之间的文化距离被认为比日本和澳大利亚更远。然而，留泰日本老年人虽然泰语水平较低，但在与东道主的交流中互动活跃，压力水平较低。另一方面，在澳大利亚的日本老年人压力更大，他们与东道主的互动因个人而异，尽管他们的英语语言能力更高。由于这一发现与现有的文化接触理论不同，人们认识到，即使退休老年人不了解东道主的文化规范，也不与东道主有太多互动，他们也能很好地适应新的环境。此外，研究还发现，当人们脱离原有的文化规范时，他们可以获得更好、更健康的心理状态；例如，不担心日本复杂的人际规范的老年人，或者找到适合其他单身男性和当地女性的地方的单身男性老年人。较少

This research started to investigate the Japanese retired seniors and Japanese overseas students, looking at how they adjust to and experience their new cultures. However, as there are few research studied retired seniors, to understanding the reality of retired seniors staying overseas became the first priority of this research.This study, which interviewed with about 60 Japanese seniors in Australia and Thailand, explains the social background in Australia and Thailand, how and why receive retired seniors from Japan. It describes the bright lives of seniors enjoying golf or new interpersonal relationships in new environment, and also the dark side of "long-stay" ; the Japanese seniors decided to stay overseas because of the worries for their pension, the seniors who cannot live in Japan with their low pension, or the male single seniors who find nowhere to fit in Japan.Regarding cultural contact, this investigates their interpersonal interaction in the host context considering the ar … More ea they stay. In addition, their language ability, stress during the communication, and their perception towards host cultural norms were also grasped through the interview to understand the relationship between these factors. As the result, it is found out that Australian context and Thai context have many differences for Japanese seniors. In Australia, it is reported that the couples, wife and husband, often go out, do the same activities and stay together, they have strong ties. In Thailand, there are big Japanese community and active interaction among them. It is considered that cultural distance between Thailand and Japan is further than that of Japan and Australia. However, Japanese seniors staying in Thailand have active interaction and low level of stress during the communication with their hosts though they have low Thai language ability. On the other hand, Japanese seniors in Australia have higher stress and their interaction with the hosts varies depending on the individuals, despite their higher English language ability.As the findings which are different from current cultural contact theories, it is recognized that retired seniors are well-adjusted to their new environment even they do not understand the host cultural norms and not have much interaction with the hosts. In addition, it found cases where people can obtain better and healthy psychological status when they move away from their original cultural norms ; for example, the seniors who feel comfortable not to worry about Japanese complicated interpersonal norms, or, single male seniors who find their place to fit in among the other single males and local women. Less