Invective asymmetrization. Diatribe duels in Italian and German humanism

“人文主义”意味着什么，谁属于“人文主义者”群体，这一点在谩骂中得到了澄清。该研究项目探讨了精心设计的谩骂语言作为社会独特特征或象征资本的方面，某些人和群体在这种帮助下成功地实现了与对手的不对称，例如，他们被称为“野蛮人”或“经院哲学家”，从而被挤出了认可的圈子。这项研究的重点是弗朗切斯科·彼得拉卡，雅各布·温普费林和埃库奇林争议的例子。

What ‚humanism‘ means and who belongs to the group of ‚humanists‘ was clarified not least in the medium of invectivity. The research project asks about the aspect of an elaborate invective language as a social distinctive feature or symbolic capital, with the help of which certain people and groups succeeded in achieving an asymmetry vis-à-vis opponents, who are disparaged, for example, as ‚barbarians‘ or ‚scholastics‘ and thus pushed out of the circle of recognition. The study is focused on the example of Francesco Petrarca, Jakob Wimpfeling and the Reuchlin controversy.