Study of the variation of the thermosphere by equatorial atmospheric energy

我们在印度尼西亚、日本和澳大利亚开展了电离层和热层的地面观测，特别关注赤道f区电离层和热层100-1000 km尺度的扰动，即中尺度的行电离层扰动（MSTIDs）和等离子体气泡。印度尼西亚Kototabang的630nm全天成像仪探测到的mstid出现在赤道f区异常波峰内部和南部，5月和6月高发，向南平均相速度为300 m/s，波长为700 km。以100米/秒左右的速度向东移动的等离子体气泡，其尺度约为100公里，间距为200-250公里，并嵌入在东西尺度约为1000公里的等离子体结构中。在日本和澳大利亚中纬度较低的地被磁力线连接的地区，可以同时探测到mstid和巨大的等离子体气泡，并且在两个半球的外观非常相同。在Kototabang， GPS无线电波与等离子体气泡相关的赤道电离层闪烁已被连续监测。它们主要出现在分点月的日落到午夜之间，这是赤道等离子体气泡发生的一个特征。为了研究赤道上空电离层/热层和对流层之间可能的动力学耦合，我们比较了印度洋上空的闪烁活动和地球亮温（Tbb）变化。结果表明：1)闪烁的发生和Tbb的变化受到行星波的调制，周期从几天到几十天；2)在Kototabang西部出现高、低Tbb区时，闪烁有增强的趋势，表明等离子体气泡可能是由对流层向上传播的大气重力波播下的种子。

We have been conducted ground-based observations of the ionosphere and thermosphere in Indonesia, Japan, and Australia We paid special attention to 100-1000 km scale disturbances in the equatorial F-region ionosphere and thermosphere, i.e., medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (MSTIDs) and plasma bubbles. MSTIDs detected with a 630-nm all-sky imager at Kototabang in Indonesia appear within and in the south of the equatorial F-region anomaly crest with a high occurrence in May and June, and have, on the average, a phase velocity of 300 m/s toward the south and a wavelength of 700 km. Plasma bubbles moving eastward at about 100 m/s have a scale of about 100 km with spacings of 200-250 km, and are embedded within plasma structures with an east-west scale of about 1000 km. MSTIDs and giant plasma bubbles can be simultaneously detected at lower midlatitudes in Japan and Australia that are connected by the geomagnetic field line, and are very identical in appearance in the both hemispheres. Equatorial ionospheric scintillations of GPS radio waves associated with plasma bubbles have been continuously monitored at Kototabang. They appear predominantly from sunset to midnight in equinoctial months, a characteristic of equatorial plasma bubble occurrences. To investigate possible dynamical coupling between the ionosphere/thermosphere and troposphere over the equator, we compare the scintillation activity and Earth's brightness temperature (Tbb) variation over the Indian Ocean. The results indicate the following: 1) the scintillation occurrence and Tbb variation are modulated by planetary waves with periods from a few days to several tens of days, and 2) the scintillation tend to be enhanced when high and low Tbb regions appear in the west of Kototabang, suggesting that plasma bubbles may be seeded by atmospheric gravity waves propagating upward from the troposphere.