Evolution of Convective Clouds, and their Coupling with Meso- to Large-Scale Precipitation Systems

本研究利用赤道大气雷达（EAR）和各种仪器对赤道大气进行综合观测，旨在了解对流源大气波的行为和机制，以及赤道对流活动的层次结构及其耦合。因此，建立和保持可靠的观测和数据质量对科学研究至关重要。通过综合数据分析，得到以下结果：在海洋大陆，降雨特征是海洋和大陆类型的混合，导致降雨活动的特殊行为，闪电活动也发现了类似的特征。三维降雨结构显著依赖于麦登-朱利安振荡（MJO）和超级云团（SCC）的相位；在mjo的非活跃期，深部局部对流似乎占主导地位。中尺度云团（CC）在大尺度扰动中明显出现。SCC的东移是由CC的连续发展引起的，与西苏门答腊的地理特征有关。雨滴大小分布是对流微物理过程的结果，呈现出显著的日变化和季节内变化。上述对流活动的时空变化导致闪电活动和加热剖面的变化。这也取决于陆地和海洋。此外，与重力波产生有关的短期垂直风波动表现出显著的日变化和季节内变化。

The objective of this research is to understand the behavior and mechanisms of convection-origin atmospheric waves as well as the hierarchical structure of equatorial convective activities and couplings between them, through comprehensive observations of equatorial atmosphere utilizing the EAR (Equatorial Atmosphere Radar) and various instruments. It is therefore important to construct and maintain reliable observation and data quality to contribute to scientific studies. From comprehensive data analyses, the following results have been obtained.1. In the Maritime Continent, rainfall characteristics are mixture of oceanic and continental types, resulting in peculiar behavior of rainfall activity A similar feature is also found in lightning activity.2. Three-dimensional rain structure significantly depends on the phase of Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) and Super Cloud Cluster (SCC); deep, localized convection appears to be dominant in the inactive phase of MJO.3. Mesoscale cloud cluster (CC) clearly appears in large scale disturbances. Eastward moving of SCC is caused by the consecutive development of CC, and related to the geographical feature of West Sumatra.4. Raindrop size distribution, a resulting quantity of microphysical processes in convection, shows significant diurnal and intraseasonal variations.5. Temporal-spatial variabilities of convective activities mentioned above cause variations in lightning activity and heating profile. These also depend on over land and ocean. In addition, short-term vertical wind fluctuations, which would be related to gravity wave generation, show significant diurnal and intraseasonal variations.