Practices of referring to persons: Uses of pronouns in oncological medical interactions

该项目是研究小组“人称的实践：使用中的人称、不定代词和指示代词”的一部分。这个项目的目的是基于肿瘤医学互动语料库分析人称代词、不确定代词和指示代词的情景用法，在这些语料库中，癌症患者被告知他们的诊断和建议的治疗方案。运用会话分析和互动语言学的方法和概念，该项目计划展示如何使用代词来构成参与者角色，如何处理自我修复和他人修复，如何使用施事和去施事策略，以及如何标记立场。同时，这些代词在这些肿瘤学相互作用中典型动作的上下文中的作用将被重建。据此，我们将发现代词的典型性用法和变异性用法。为了实现这一目标，语料库将通过澄清和掩饰指称和施事的言语策略(这涉及人称代词、不定代词、不定式结构、存在结构、被动结构、公式化表达，如let‘s say等)进行注释。这一宽泛的注解为进一步分析有代词的人称指称实践提供了背景。将讨论以下问题：(1)关于人的指称的歧义和含糊出现在哪些顺序位置，它们与施事程度有何关系？这些歧义有哪些相互作用的功能和后果？例如，它们在什么时候以及如何导致修复序列、积极的理解主题和明确立场的要求？(2)医生和患者亲属如何在三位一体的星座中谈论目前的患者？什么形式的侧称被使用？(3)人称、不确定和指示的顺序位置以什么方式和以什么顺序位置与所进行的活动相关？(4)不同的代词有哪些相互作用的功能？交际者何时使用人称代词，何时使用不确定代词，何时指示代词指代在场和缺席的人？(5)代词如何有助于情景参与者星座的局部构成，指示参与者之间的社会团队建设，展示协作性应对，包括或排除共同情况，或标记道义或认知权威？(6)哪些含有代词的堆积模式被用作哪些行为的交际资源？

The project is part of the Research Unit “Practices of referring to persons: personal, indefinite and demonstrative pronouns in use”. The aim of this project is to analyze the situative use of personal, indefinite and demonstrative pronouns, based on a corpus of oncological medical interactions where cancer patients are told their diagnosis and proposed therapy. Applying methods and concepts of Conversation Analysis and Interactional Linguistics, the project plans to show how pronouns are used to constitute participant roles, how self- and other-repair is managed, how strategies of agentivation and de-agentivation are employed and how stances are marked. At the same time, the role of these pronouns in the context of typical actions within these oncological interactions will be reconstructed. Hereby, prototypical and as well as deviant uses of pronouns will be detected. To achieve this aim, the corpus will be annotated in terms of verbal strategies of clarifying and masking of reference and agentivity (this concerns personal pronouns, indefinite pronouns, infinitive constructions, existential construc¬tions, passive constructions, formulaic expressions such as let’s say and many more). This broad annotation provides the background for further analyzes of referential practices to persons with pronouns. The following questions will be addressed: (1) At which sequential positions do ambiguities and vaguenesses concerning reference to persons occur and how do they relate to degrees of agentivity? Which interactional functions and consequences do these ambiguities have? When and how, for example, do they lead to repair sequences, active thematizations of understanding and demand of taking a clear stance? (2) How do doctors and patients’ relatives talk about present patients in triadic constellations? Which forms of lateral address are used? (3) In what ways and in which sequential positions do personal, indefinite and demonstrative correlate with the activities carried out? (4) Which interactional functions do the different pronouns have? When do interactants use personal pronouns, when indefinite pronouns and when demonstrative pronouns to refer to present and absent persons? (5) How do pronouns contribute to the local constitution of the situative participant constellation, to the indication of social team building between the interactants, to the display of collaborative coping, to the inclusion or exclusion of the common situation or the marking of deontic or epistemic authorities? (6) Which sedimented patterns containing pronouns are used as communicative resources for which actions?