Dynamics of the Malvinas Current and Brazil-Malvinas Confluence in the southwestern South Atlantic since the late Quaternary

巴西-马尔维纳斯合流（BMC）是南大西洋西南部表面洋流的高能量汇聚，形成于南纬38°附近。在过去的几十年里，BMC已经向南转移，预计未来还会继续。BMC作为一个天然屏障，在控制热带南大西洋到南大洋的热量传递中起着重要作用。因此，预估的BMC南移会对全球洋流环流和全球气候产生各种影响。BMC的南移也会引起一些问题，比如通过从热带水域释放额外的热量而使气温升高，这将导致南极冰盖融化，间接导致全球海平面上升。到目前为止，大多数研究都局限于巴西洋流（BC），即BMC的北部分支。然而，关于马尔维纳斯海流（MC）的长期变化及其对马尔维纳斯海流南支的影响的研究仍然缺乏。因此，计划对MC南分支和BMC本身的海相沉积物岩心进行样带研究。海洋孢粉学研究是研究过去海洋和大陆环境变化的有力工具。多代理分析，包括花粉，孢子，有机和钙质壁鞭毛藻囊和淡水藻类在海洋沉积物岩心将被应用。通过对孢粉记录的分析，重建了LGM以来沉积物的稳定性和过去的动态。此外，还将调查和模拟BMC的区域纬度变化及其对当地海洋和邻近大陆环境和气候的影响。本研究还旨在探讨过去控制BMC纬度移动的驱动机制，并为全球变暖下近期BMC向极地迁移的未来情景预测和建模提供依据。

The Brazil-Malvinas Confluence (BMC), is a highly energetic convergence of surface currents in the southwestern South Atlantic, formed near the latitude of 38°S. The BMC has been shifted southwards in the last decades, is projected to continue in the future. The BMC act as a natural barrier and plays an important role in controlling the heat transfer from the tropical South Atlantic to the Southern Ocean. Thus, the projected southward shift of the BMC can cause various impacts on the global ocean currents circulation and global climate. The southward shift of the BMC can also cause issues such as warming up the air temperature by releasing additional heat from the tropical waters that will lead to the melting of the ice sheet in the Antarctic and indirectly rising of the global sea-level. So far, most of the studies are restricted on the Brazil Current (BC), the northern branch of the BMC. However, studies on the long-term changes of the Malvinas Current (MC) and its influence of the southern branch of the BMC is still missing. Thus, a transect of marine sediment cores from the southern branch of the MC and BMC itself are planned to be studied. Marine palynological studies are powerful tools to investigate past marine and continental environment changes. Multi-proxy analyses, including pollen, spores, organic- and calcareous-walled dinoflagellate cysts and freshwater algae in marine sediment cores will be applied. By analysing the palynological records, the stability and past dynamics of the MC and BMC will be reconstructed since the LGM. Moreover, the regional latitudinal shifts of the BMC and its impact on local marine as well as adjacent continental environment and climate will be investigated and modelled as well. This study also aims to investigate past driving mechanisms for controlling the latitude shifts of BMC, and shed light for the prediction and modeling of future scenarios to the recent poleward migrations of the BMC under global warming.