Collaborative Research Between Japan and Korea Based on Scientific Investigation into Pensive Bodhisattvas with One Leg Pendent

我们的雕塑历史专家、冶金专家、考古学家和科学保护专家团队与韩国国立博物馆的研究小组合作，对日本、韩国、中国、越南、欧洲和美国的100多件雕塑进行了X射线荧光分析和XRF分析，对11件雕塑进行了坐标测量分析，并对7件沉思菩萨雕塑和相关的青铜佛教雕塑进行了X射线摄影。因此，我们可以做出一个初步的判断，除了Tori学派的雕塑外，日本制造的佛教青铜雕塑主要使用的是本地铜和少量锡混合的青铜，而中国南朝时期制造的青铜含锡量特别高。据推测，在百济制作的雕塑也显示出锡含量较高的趋势。中国北方生产的铅和锡的含量相同。此外，与技术有关……更多的雕塑制作方法，以前认为具有高水平孔隙（青铜硬化时保留在内部的气泡）的雕塑是在朝鲜半岛或中国制造的，但通过这次分析，我们能够澄清在日本制造的雕塑中经常使用刻刀或烧刀（冷凿）。相比之下，朝鲜半岛和中国的雕塑的精细部分一般是在模具阶段表达的，气孔的数量不一定与雕塑的生产地区有关。2009年，南京首次出土了梁朝青铜佛像，2006年在柬埔寨南部地区出土了被认为是梁朝青铜佛像的作品，并于2010年引进。其中一些被发现与朝鲜半岛和山东出土的青铜佛像相似。先前的文献证据表明，南朝与百济之间存在着互动；实际工作支持了这一文件，并进一步确定了包括山东在内的三个地区之间的相互作用。基于以上的科学分析和南朝青铜佛像的发现，我们确定有必要重新评估日本和韩国流传下来的佛像的产地。这也表明，有必要将南朝纳入沉思菩萨雕塑传播的调查中。少

In collaboration with a research team from the Korean National Museum, our team of sculptural history specialists, metallurgy specialists, archeologists, and scientific conservation specialists performed X-ray Fluorescence Analysis, XRF on some 100 sculptures, Coordinate Measuring analysis on 11 sculptures, and X ray photography on 7 sculptures of pensive bodhisattvas and related bronze Buddhist sculptures in Japan, Korea, China, Vietnam, Europe and America. As a result, we were able to make the provisional determination that with the exception of sculptures made by the Tori School, the bronze in Japanese-made Buddhist bronze sculptures used predominantly bronze that was native copper mixed with a slight bit of tin and that those made in Southern dynasties in China had especially high tin. Sculptures thought to have been made in Baekje also showed a tendency for the tin content to be high. Those made in North China contained the same levels of tin and lead. Also, related to the technic … More al methods of sculptural production, it was previously thought that the sculptures with high levels of pores（air bubbles that remain in the interior when the bronze is hardening）were those made on the Korean peninsula or in China, but with this analysis we were able to clarify that there was frequent use of a graver or burin (cold chisel) in the Japanese made sculptures, in comparison with the fabrication of the fine parts of the sculptures of the Korean peninsula and China, which were generally expressed at the mold stage, and that the quantity of pores did not necessarily have to do with the region in which the sculpture was produced. In 2009, bronze Liang Dynasty Buddhist sculptures were first excavated in Nanjing, and works thought to be Liang dynasty bronze Buddhist sculptures excavated in 2006 in the southern region of Cambodia and were introduced in 2010. Some of those were found to be similar to bronze Buddhist sculptures originating from excavations in the Korean peninsula and Shandong. Documentary evidence had previously indicated interaction between the Southern dynasties and Baekje; the actual works back up this documentation and further identified interactions between three regions including Shandong. Based on the above scientific analysis and the discovery of Southern dynasties bronze Buddhist statuary, we determined that it is necessary to reevaluate the production region of the sculptures passed down in Japan and Korea. It also became clear that it is necessary to incorporate the Southern dynasties into the investigation of the transmission of pensive Bodhisattva sculptures. Less