Developmental studies on the teaching materials of quantitative experiment in biological education.

本研究旨在探讨生物教育中定量实验教材的开发。主要研究结果如下：(1)微生物生长测量仪的研制：该仪器由太阳能电池、电路测试仪、简易手工放大电路和环形荧光灯组成。用该仪器测定了莱茵衣藻和酿酒酵母的生长曲线，结果与传统光度计测得的结果基本一致。该仪器的主要特点是：1.无需取出部分悬浮液，即可测得微生物在培养器皿中的生长状态。因此，可以避免无菌操作和悬浮介质的损失。2)操作简单，一次测量需要1-2分钟。3)设备…施工成本低，不需要专业技能更重要的是。(2)利用电视摄像机进行光合作用和呼吸作用的体积测量演示实验：用一滴食品色素溶液作为体积计的指示器，在电视屏幕上显示七个体积计。调查人员和学生可以从屏幕上获取数据。在7个体积计上制作了7个不同透过率的中性滤光片，用于同时测量不同光强下的光合作用速率。在体积计上使用这种滤光片，可以测量不同光强下的光合作用速率，以比较一个学校周期内太阳叶和遮荫叶的光合作用。(3)二氧化硫对植物影响的测定试验：利用简易体积呼吸仪(Takaoki&Nakagishi，1988)和简易二氧化硫熏蒸方法(Takaoki&Mitani，1986)，观察了二氧化硫对萌发种子和花瓣呼吸作用的影响。即使在熏蒸3分钟后，也能观察到二氧化硫熏蒸对晨光花瓣的明显伤害。这项实验适用于小学儿童。(4)几分钟内测量牙根压力的设备：这种方法是一种测压和极快的方法(Takaoki，1965)。使用这种方法进行测量的资料非常稀少。观察了呼吸抑制剂和解偶联剂对玉米根段根压的影响。人们认识到，这种方法不仅适用于根吸收水分的研究，也适用于教育。较少

I intended to study on the development of teaching materials of quantitative experiment in biological education. The summary of the results is as follows:(1) Developmental studies on a growth-measuring instrument of microorganisms: The instrument is constructed with solar cell, circuit tester, simple amplifier of hand making, and circular fluorescent lamp. The growth curves of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Saccharomyces cerevisiae were measured using the equipment, and the results obtained were similar to those obtained photometrically using a traditional photometer. The distinguishing marks of this instrument are 1) Density of the microorganisms can be measured as growing state in culture vessel without taking out some of the suspension medium. Therefore, the aseptic manipulation and the loss of suspension medium can be eliminated. 2) Operation is simple, and it takes 1 - 2 minutes for one measurement. 3) It's inexpensive and no necessity of expert skill for construction of the equipm … More ent. 4) Large space and dark room are unnecessary.(2) Demonstration experiment using a television camera for volumetric measurement of photosynthesis and respiration: A droplet of food color solution was used as an indicator of the volumeter, and seven volumeters were imaged on the television screen. Investigators and students can get data from the screen. Seven neutral optical filters of different transmissivity were prepared for seven volumeters to measure photosynthesis rate under different light intensities at the same time. Application of this filters on the volumeter made the measurement of photosynthesis rate under different light intensity possible to compare between a sun leaf and a shade leaf within a school period.(3) Experiment for measurement the effects of sulfur dioxide on plants: Using the simple volumetric respirometer (Takaoki & Nakagishi, 1988) and the simple sulfur-dioxide fumigation method (Takaoki & Mitani, 1986), the effects of sulfur dioxide on respiration rates of germinating seeds and petals were observed. Visible injury of sulfur-dioxide fumigation on petals of morning glowry was observed even when fumigation was made three minutes. This experiment is available for children of primary school.(4) Equipment for measuring root pressure in a few minutes: This method is manometric and extremely rapid (Takaoki, 1965). The measurements using this method is very scarce. The effects of respiratory inhibitors and uncouplers on the root pressure of corn root segments were observed. It was recognized that this method is available not only for research on water absorption by root but also for education. Less