The Outlines of the Colonial State. Tax and Budget Policy in the German Colonies 1884-1914

在所有殖民地，殖民主义的经历和影响在很大程度上取决于殖民国家如何收集和使用公共资金。税收是殖民统治中最具争议的方面之一。对预算平衡的关注影响了德国在各个层面的殖民政策。在许多殖民地，收税占用了殖民地行政机构的大部分时间，并使与被殖民者的关系紧张。这一过程往往伴随着暴力，有可能破坏殖民地国家脆弱的秩序。但是，税收不仅仅是降低殖民地城市成本的一种手段。在欧洲，税收是中央集权和推动经济发展的动力。在一个持续了几个世纪的过程中，最初主要用于军事建设的税收增加导致了税收负担，使生存和自我生产越来越困难。结果，税收迫使一部分下层和下层中产阶级在制造业系统中从事依赖工作。税收作为加速经济转型进程的一种暴力手段的作用，可以再次在19世纪末以来的殖民地中迅速地观察到。那里征收的税收迫使部分人口放弃自给自足的生产，因为必须筹集资金来支付他们。越来越多的人发现自己被迫在殖民统治者的种植园或矿山工作。由于殖民地的自我支撑结构的解体进程比以前的欧洲更快、更猛烈，因此经常出现拒绝缴税和反抗的情况。德国殖民政府非常清楚相应的危险。由于这个原因，税收绝不是在所有殖民地集中采用，而是在个别地区进行测试，只有在评价积极的情况下才在其他地区引入。此外，政府还经常承诺，由税收提供资金的预算支出将使当地居民受益。这项研究的目的是检验这个反复试验的过程，以找出抵抗运动是从哪里产生的，它是如何组织的，以及殖民政府是如何应对的。这样，将有助于分析现代欧洲主体化技术在德国殖民地的实施情况，并将调查殖民地治理的特殊性。

In all colonies, the experience and impact of colonialism depended very much on how colonial states collected and spent public money. Taxation was one of the most contentious aspects of colonial rule. Concern for a balanced budget shaped German colonial policy at every level. In many colonies, the collection of taxes occupied a large part of the colonial administrative apparatus' time and strained relations with the colonised. The process, often accompanied by violence, threatened to undermine the fragile order of the colonial states. But taxes were not only a means to reduce metropolitan costs in the colonies. In Europe, taxes were a motor for centralising the state and forcing economic development. In a process that took place over centuries, the increase in taxes, originally necessary primarily for military build-up, led to a tax burden that made subsistence and self-production increasingly difficult. As a result, taxes drove part of the lower and lower-middle classes into dependent work in the manufactory system. The function of taxes as a violent means of accelerating economic transformation processes could be observed once again - in fast motion - in the colonies from the end of the 19th century onwards. The taxes levied there forced parts of the population to abandon subsistence production because money had to be raised to pay them. An increasing number of people found themselves forced to work on the plantations or mines of the colonial masters. Since the process of breaking up self-supporting structures was driven forward faster and more violently in the colonies than previously in Europe, there were very frequent tax refusals and revolts. The German colonial administration was only too aware of the corresponding dangers. For this reason, taxes were by no means adopted centrally for all colonies, but were tested in individual regions and only introduced in other districts if they were evaluated positively. In addition, it was often promised that the budgetary expenditures financed by the taxes would benefit the local population. The aim of the study is to examine this trial and error process in order to find out where resistance arose, how it was organised and how the colonial administration reacted to it. In this way, a contribution will be made to the analysis of the implementation of modern European subjectification techniques in the German colonies and the specificity of colonial governmentality will be investigated.