Pathways from Rule-Taking to Rule-Making: A Comparison of China and Korea’s Internationalization Strategies for Digital Standards

经济后来者要求在全球规则制定中拥有更大话语权的要求，是全球治理中日益激烈的争论的一个来源。该项目研究从规则制定到规则制定的特定路径，以及规则制定者的崛起对全球秩序的影响。虽然国际关系(IR)学者已经分析了已经崛起的大国的意图和行为，但他们的背景故事却没有得到充分的研究，即。这些国家究竟是如何从规则接受者转变为规则制定者的？影响规则制定者在全球舞台上影响力和影响力上升的关键因素是什么？本项目将对中国和韩国两位正在崛起的规则制定者在技术标准化领域的路径进行比较研究。在东亚蓬勃发展的科技行业的刺激下，两国的参与者在国际标准开发组织(SDO)如国际标准化组织(ISO)的数字技术标准的制定方面发挥了越来越大的规则制定作用。虽然两国在技术标准化方面的崛起有许多共同点，但标准化社区内的现任者对它们的接受方式也存在显著差异。虽然韩国演员在现有的标准化社区很大程度上受到了欢迎，但中国演员在数字标准制定中日益增长的角色现在是一个极具争议的问题，跨大西洋对抗中国影响力的努力正在发展中。这项研究既旨在深化关于崛起大国的学术辩论，也旨在为更广泛的受众提供关于中国与西方国家之间不断升级的冲突的中心话题的知识。引导性的研究问题如下：(1)上升的规则制定者如何发展监管力量以在国际标准化中施加影响？(2)具有不同议价能力的上升的规则制定者采取什么战略来塑造国际标准化？(3)对于现有的规则制定者的反应，为什么后发的规则制定者的要求有时会得到满足，有时会有争议？(4)当上升的规则制定者推动增加话语权时，对国际标准化的影响是什么？该项目将采用混合方法，结合实地调查、调查和文件分析的见解。

Demand from economic latecomers for greater say in global rule-making is a source of rising contention in global governance. This project studies particular pathways from rule-taking to rule-making as well as the implications of rising rule-makers for global order. While International Relations (IR) scholars have analyzed the intentions and behaviors of already risen powers, their back story is understudied, ie. how exactly did these countries make the transition from rule-taker to rule-maker? And what are the key factors that shape rising rule-makers’ reach and influence on the global stage? This project will comparatively study the pathways of two rising rule-makers, China and South Korea, in the arena of technical standardization. Spurred by booming tech sectors in East Asia, actors from both countries have assumed growing rule-making roles in the writing of technical standards for digital technologies in international Standard Development Organizations (SDOs) such as the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). While there are many commonalities between the two countries’ rise in technical standardization, there are also striking differences in how they have each been received by incumbents within standardization communities. Whereas Korean actors have been largely welcomed into existing standardization communities, the growing role of Chinese actors in digital standard-setting is now a highly contentious issue and a trans-Atlantic effort to counter China’s influence is currently developing. This research aims to both further scholarly debate about rising powers and also generate knowledge for a broader audience on a topic at the center of escalating conflict between China and Western countries. The guiding research questions are as follows:(1) How do rising rule-makers develop the regulatory strength to exert influence in international standardization? (2) What strategies do rising rule-makers with different bargaining power adopt to shape international standardization? (3) Regarding incumbent rule-makers responses, why are the demands of latecomers sometimes accommodated and other times contested? (4) What are the consequences for international standardization when rising rule-makers push for increased voice? The project will employ mixed methods combining insights from fieldwork, surveys and document analysis.