Colonial rule inlocal contexts. The administration of indigenous districts in New-Spain and Peru in the 18th century

西属美洲是最初文化接触之后实行的一种典型的排外主义，其特点是长期存在的外来观念。西班牙殖民帝国持续了三个世纪。不同的美国社会必须融合。被归为土著的人口在法律和行政上与西班牙裔人口分开。此外，还增加了非洲后裔和异族通婚的后代。西班牙的统治是通过一个有区别的行政结构来稳定的，在这个结构中，外国人的归属在不同社会群体的建立和待遇方面发挥了重要作用。当波旁王朝的改革在18世纪后半叶引发了影响深远的行政变革时，地方行政机构不得不重新谈判，这是因为殖民地控制和剥削的加剧，也是因为引入了新的行政级别，如地方行政机构，以及伴随而来的地区行政机构的重组。改革在一定程度上加剧了外国人的归属感。该项目审查了帝国最重要的两个地区-新西班牙和秘鲁-的土著农村地区-王国行政的最低一级-的地方行政做法。它探讨了基于外国性的差异类别与行政实践的相关性，询问这些类别在殖民地行政的全面改革过程中如何变化，并探讨了外国性归属在当地居民与官员之间谈判过程中的重要性。一方面，负责官员是通过象征性行为和特定的交流形式建立的外国统治的直接代表。他们维持着社交网络，并承担着维持秩序、组织管辖、征收贡品和分配劳动义务的任务。另一方面，他们必须处理当地的土著机构和抵抗，并参与跨文化进程。为了稳定殖民统治，必须平衡由此产生的紧张局势。从这个角度来看，它密切关注研究小组的主要研究问题，该项目认为，在新西班牙和秘鲁建设的外国谈判的冲突，流动和生产领域的紧张局势，其特点是强大的铭文和拨款和代理的一部分人口一样。

Spanish America represented a paradigmatic case of xenocracy that followed initial cultural contact and was characterized by long-lasting perceptions of foreignness. The Spanish colonial empire lasted for three centuries. Different American societies had to be integrated. Populations lumped together as indigenous were legally and administratively separated from the Spanish-descended population. In addition, African-descended people and descendants from exogamous unions were added. Spanish rule was stabilized through a differentiated administrative structure in which ascriptions of foreignness played an important role in the creation and treatment of different social groups. When the Bourbon reforms initiated far-reaching administrative changes in the second half of the 18th century, local administration had to be renegotiated because of the intensification of colonial control and exploitation, but also because of the introduction of new administrative levels such as the intendancies and the accompanying reorganization of district administration. The reforms in part exacerbated ascriptions of foreignness. The project examines local administrative practices in indigenous, rural districts - the lowest level of crown administration - in the two most important parts of the empire, New Spain and Peru. It inquires into the relevance of categories of difference based on foreignness for administrative practices, asks how these categories changed in the course of the comprehensive reforms of the colonial administration, and explores the significance of ascriptions of foreignness in the processes of negotiation between the local population and officials. On the one hand, the officials in charge were direct representatives of xenocratic rule which they established through symbolic acts and specific forms of communication. They maintained social networks and had the task of maintaining order and organizing jurisdiction, tribute collection, and the distribution of labor obligations. On the other hand, they had to deal with indigenous agency and resistance on the ground and were involved in processes of transculturation. For the stabilization of colonial rule, resulting tensions had to be balanced. With this perspective, which closely follows the research group’s main research questions, the project argues that in New Spain and Peru constructions of foreignness were negotiated in a conflictive, fluid, and productive field of tension that was characterized by powerful inscriptions and appropriation and agency on the part of the population alike.