Laminar burning velocity measurements of refrigerants under terrestrial and microgravity conditions

下一代制冷剂具有较低的全球变暖潜能值，用于冷却和加热应用，由于其高可燃性，导致火灾危险增加。一种物质的潜在火灾危险的分类不仅包括可燃性，还包括对其层流燃烧速度的评价，层流燃烧速度是另一个表示反应性和放热性的量。确定层流燃烧速度的传统方法是测量混合物的火焰传播速度，例如，通过评估球形火焰。由于大多数制冷剂火焰的传播速度较慢，两种物理现象的影响显著增加：(1)浮力引起的火焰变形，(2)辐射热损失，使实验方法所需的基本假设失效。因此，标准的数据提取假设，如球形火焰形状，失败和准确的文献数据的火焰速度为这些制冷剂是罕见的。为了获得对制冷剂燃烧行为的基本理解并提供准确的火焰速度数据，必须使用高保真度实验详细研究火焰结构，传播和周围气体动力学。在这个项目中，将开发可靠的方法来可靠地表征制冷剂的燃烧行为。首先，将使用粒子图像测速（PIV）技术研究慢速传播制冷剂的浮力变形效应。火焰锋面的局部曲率和应变效应是决定燃烧速度的关键因素。在不来梅大学应用空间技术和微重力中心（ZARM）的落塔设施中进行的微重力实验将提供无浮力的火焰传播数据，隔离辐射热损失效应。这些热损失将通过使用高速瑞利散射获得的空间和时间分解的火焰温度场来量化。这些发现将有助于开发和修改现有的辐射校正模型，这些模型是为碳氢化合物开发的，但尚未对制冷剂火焰进行验证。最后，基于多步骤反应方案的渐近方法的火焰结构分析将进行，以揭示涉及制冷剂/氧化剂混合物的点燃，熄灭和传播的潜在物理化学过程。将研究现有渐近方法的适用性，并将应用为制冷剂火焰量身定制的修改。这将有助于开发一种精确而稳健的简化建模方法，并采用近似公式计算制冷剂火焰的燃烧速度。

Next-generation refrigerants with lower global warming potential for cooling and heating applications pose increased fire hazards due to their high flammability. Classification of a substance’s fire hazard potential includes not only flammability but also the evaluation of its laminar burning velocity, a quantity additionally representing reactivity and exothermicity. Conventional methods for determining laminar burning velocities measure a mixture's flame propagation speed, for instance, by assessing spherical flames. Due to the slow propagation speed of most refrigerant flames, the impact of two physical phenomena significantly increases: (1) The buoyancy-induced deformation of the flames, and (2) the radiation heat losses, invalidating the underlying assumptions required for experimental methods. Hence, standard data extraction assumptions, such as spherical flame shape, fail and accurate literature data on flame velocities for these refrigerants are rare. To obtain a fundamental understanding of the refrigerant’s combustion behavior and to provide accurate flame velocity data, the flame structure, propagation, and surrounding gas dynamics must be studied in detail using high-fidelity experiments. In this project, robust methods will be developed to reliably characterize the combustion behavior of refrigerants. First, the buoyancy deformation effects of slow-propagating refrigerants will be investigated using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). The flame front's local curvature and strain effects are key factors in determining burning velocities. Microgravity experiments, conducted in the drop tower facility of the Center of Applied Space Technology and Microgravity (ZARM) of the University of Bremen, will provide buoyancy-free flame propagation data, isolating the radiation heat loss effect. These heat losses will be quantified by the spatially and temporally resolved flame temperature fields obtained using the high-speed Rayleigh scattering. The findings will help develop and modify existing radiation correction models, that were developed for hydrocarbons but have not yet been validated for refrigerant flames. Finally, a flame structure analysis based on an asymptotic approach with a multi-step reaction scheme will be performed to reveal the underlying physicochemical processes involved in the ignition, extinction, and propagation of refrigerant/oxidant mixtures. The applicability of the existing asymptotic approaches will be studied, and modifications tailored explicitly for refrigerant flames will be applied. This will contribute to developing an accurate and robust simplified modeling approach with approximation formulas for the burning velocities of refrigerant flames.