Comparative Ecology of Adaptive Mechanisms of Human Populations in Diversified Melanesian Environment

尽管语言不同，山麓地区的萨莫族和库博尔族在婚前死亡率约为0.5、完育率<4.0的条件下保持繁殖，因此内婚率为92%。与依赖植物性食物获取约90%食物能量的Samo/Kubor人相比，邻近的穆雷湖人群食用鱼类，蛋白质摄入量高，尿汞含量高（10-15马克杯/克肌酐）。低海拔地区的Gidra的主要营养素和微量营养素摄入量与1981年略有不同。心率监测显示，其平均每日能量消耗为3500千卡，与能量摄入基本一致，明显高于奥克山地区的2000千卡。对700份血液样本的血红蛋白、血清铁蛋白、锌等的分析显示，村庄间的差异很大，这种差异来自健康状况而不是摄入水平。现代化效应体现在“更现代化”村庄的高迁出率和高迁入率；这证明了人类人口结构变化的机制。本研究阐明了人类在多样化美拉尼西亚环境中的适应机制。(1)由于疟疾等传染病的影响，吉德拉河流域村庄的净繁殖率一直<1.0，但在现代化进程中有所上升，年均增长率为2.0%；在现代化程度较低的Ok山和Samo/Kubor，由于疟疾和寄生虫感染以及低承载能力和营养不足，其蛋白质摄取率仍然保持在更替水平：(2)日均人均蛋白质摄取量，Gidra为1.2 g， Samo/Kubor为2 / 3，Ok山为1 / 3；不同的状态一方面与环境条件和生存方式有关，另一方面与体质和生育力有关。该项目有助于制定实地方法，特别是通过结合人口动态、人-活动-环境系统以及营养和健康状况建立人口生态学。少

Despite different languages, the Samo and Kubor in foothills had 92% endogamous rate due to maintaining reproduction under the conditions of ca. 0.5 premarital death rate and <4.0 completed fertility. Contrast to the Samo/Kubor who depended on plant foods for >90% food energy, the neighboring Lake Murray populations consumed fish, and their protein intake was high and their urinary mercury was high (10-15 mug/g creatinine).For the Gidra in lowland, major- and micronutrient intakes differed slightly from that in 1981. Heart-rate monitoring disclosed per-day energy expenditure averaged 3,500 kcal, which accords with their energy intake and is markedly higher than 2,000 kcal among the Mountain Ok. Analyses of hemoglobin, serum ferritin, zinc etc of 700 blood samples disclosed a large inter-village variation, which came from health sates than the intake levels. Modernization effects were observed in high out-migration and in-migration rates in the "more modernized" villages; this demonstra … More tes the mechanisms of changing human population structures.This research clarified human adaptive mechanisms in diversified Melanesian environment. In particular, (1) net reproduction rate in the Gidra had been <1.0 in the riverine villages due to malaria and other infections, but has rised during modernization, resulting 2.0% annual increase rate; in less modernized Mountain Ok and Samo/Kubor, the rate still remains at the replacement level due to, respectively, malaria and parasitic infections and low carrying capacity and nutritional insufficiency: (2) per-day per-person protein intake of the Gidra was 1.2 g, while that of Samo/Kubor was two-thirds and that of Mountain Ok, one-third; the different states were related to environmental conditions and subsistence pattern on one hand, and body physique and fertility on the other.This project cotributes to elaboration of field methodologies, particularly establishment of human population ecology by combining population dynamics, man-activity-environment system, and nutritional and health states. Less