The Rise and Development of Modern German Comedy

本项目旨在通过考察现代德国喜剧的起源和发展，厘清现代德国喜剧的特殊问题。得到了以下结果：1。中村特别研究了在德国古典主义时代阻碍德国喜剧发展的因素。在歌德的《伟大的科菲塔》中，可以找到当时德国喜剧中一个非常矛盾的角色，这是他创作喜剧的最伟大但失败的尝试。失败的原因在于它混合了喜剧和歌剧的元素，这使得这部作品无论是作为喜剧还是作为费加罗婚礼的歌剧戏份都不完美。这种混合是由当时德国的社会问题所决定的，歌德的企图是对德国喜剧后来的发展产生负面影响。《哈拉》通过对奥地利民间戏剧的其他描述，阐明了奥地利民间戏剧在德国喜剧史上未能成功融入的一些问题。我们可以观察到，由于社会条件的变化，剧作家的意图发生了明显的变化，特别是在傻瓜汉斯赫斯特的转变上。这一发展可以追溯到Raimund， Nestroy和anzengruber的作品。久保田研究了喜剧在浪漫主义文学中的作用。他在海涅的作品中发现了一些有趣的喜剧元素，这些喜剧元素以傻瓜般的人物为代表，在德国喜剧史上一直被忽视。很明显，喜剧元素或喜剧人物不仅对戏剧，而且对其他非戏剧类型都有很大的影响。

The purpose of this project is to make clear the special problems of modern German comedy by investigating its origin and development. The following results were obtained :1. NAKAMURA has studied especially the elements that had hindered the development of German comedy in the age of German Classicism. An extraordinarily ambivalent character of the German comedy of the time can be found in Goethe's Great Cophta (Grobeta-Cophta), his greatest yet failed attempt at writing a comedy. The cause of the failure consists in its mixture of elements both of comedy and opera which has made the work imperfect either as a comedy or as an opera buffa in the line of Figaro's Wedding. This mixture is conditioned by the social problems of Germany at the time and Goethe's attempt was to exert a negative influence upon the later development of German comedy.2. HARA has explicated some problems of Austrian folk drama which have not been successfully integrated in the history of German comedy by other descriptions of it. A clear change in the intentions of the dramatists, caused by the changing social conditions, can be observed, especially in the transffomation of the fool, Hanswurst. This development is traced through the works of Raimund, Nestroy, and Anzengruber.3. KUBOTA has investigated the role of comedy in Romantic literature. He has found interesting comic elements represented by fool-like figures, especially in the works of Heine which has so far been ignored in the history of German comedy. It is made clear that the comic element or the comic figure has great influence not only upon the dramatic but also other non-dramatic genres.