Modeling Star Clusters Across Cosmic Time

银河系中大约有150个球状星团（GCs）是银河系中最古老的天体之一。本星系群中的许多星系都有gc，它们在像M87这样的大质量星系周围被探测到。最近的深度观测表明，GCs处于高红移状态。宇宙结构形成的计算机模拟开始解析GC尺度；未来的仪器和更好的模拟将很快提供对宇宙距离外的gc性质的普查。气相岩内部弛豫、恒星演化、少体碰撞动力学、潮汐场等主要动力学过程在原理上已被理解，但对气相岩演化的全貌仍缺乏认识。使用加速器（GPU）和直接n体模拟的高性能计算首次允许对这些神秘物体进行更大样本的完整模拟，包括实际恒星数和所有天体物理效应。我们的模型将与蒙特卡罗（MOCCA）模型密切协调和相互检查——它们允许更大的调查样本，但提供的细节更少，星团中所有单个物体的历史模型也更不准确。GCs从合并的黑洞和中子星发射引力辐射；我们的模型将约束GCs中引力波源的参数。此外，我们还计划了一些银河系球状星团的基础模型，这些模型可以与我们的观测合作者在欧洲南方天文台（ESO）甚大望远镜（VLT）上使用MUSE仪器获得的高分辨率分光光度观测结果进行比较。

The approximately 150 Globular star clusters (GCs) of the Milky Way are among the oldest objects in our Galaxy. Many galaxies in the Local Group have GCs, and they have been detected around massive galaxies like M87. Recent deep observations show GCs at high redshifts. Computer simulations of structure formation in the universe begin to resolve GC scales; future instruments and better simulations will soon provide a census of properties of GCs out to cosmological distances. Main dynamical processes in GCs such as internal relaxation, stellar evolution, dynamics of few-body encounters, tidal fields are understood in principle, but a comprehensive picture of GC evolution is still missing. High performance computing using accelerators (GPU) and direct N-body simulation allows for the first time to do a larger sample of complete simulations of these enigmaic objects including real star number and all astrophysical effects. Our models will be done in close coordination and mutual checking with Monte Carlo (MOCCA) models - they allow a much larger survey sample, but provide less details and less accurate models of the history of all individual objects in the star cluster. GCs emit gravitational radiation from merging black holes and neutron stars; our models will constrain the parameters of gravitational wave sources in GCs. Furthermore some fiducial models of Galactic globular clusters are planned which can be compared with high resolution spectrophotometric observations, obtained with the MUSE instrument at the Very Large Telescope (VLT) of the European Southern Observatory (ESO) by our observational collaborators.