Modulators of ion permeation across the biological membranes

关于离子透过细胞膜的调节机制，18名研究人员对不同类型的细胞进行了以下具体问题的研究，结果如下：1)离子通道的门控机制：鱿鱼巨轴突(Yamagishi)中Ca~(2+)和F~(2+)激活的Cl~+通道，巨轴突(Seyama)中的灰毒素和G-Cyclam阻断Na~+通道，Na~+和Mg~(2+)激活和/或阻断豚鼠心肌(NOMA)中依赖Na~+的K~+通道，阻断ACh受体通道并增强其脱敏作用。在牛蛙交感神经元上发现或分析了肌浆网(Inoue)的-释放通道和电压依赖性的钙释放机制。2)递质和细胞内物质对离子通道活性的调节：Cl^-…的激活肠上皮细胞(Okada)环磷酸腺苷(CAMP)和钙离子(Ca^&lt；2+&gt；)更多的通道，胰腺B细胞(Kitasato)钙离子和氢离子(H^+)对钾离子通道的调节，平滑肌细胞(Tomita)细胞内三磷酸腺苷(ATP)和氢离子(H^+)对钾离子通道的调节，乙酰胆碱对Meynerte核神经元(Akaike)NMDA受体通道的生物调节，钙离子(Ca^&lt；2+和Gt；在牛蛙交感神经元(Akasu)中发现或分析了钙调蛋白依赖性激酶和C-激酶对M电流的失活作用，在兔交感神经元(Kobayashi)中发现或分析了毒扁豆碱对蛋白质的磷酸化和环GMP。3)神经分化和离子通道表达的调节：在海鞘胚胎的神经和上皮诱导过程中，缝隙连接通道表达的调节机制被阐明(Takahashi)。发展了分析突触发生的培养方法(福田)。4)关于轴突传导的问题：发现或分析了乙酰胆碱(Takenaka)对轴突运输的抑制，交感神经节细胞和水平细胞(Tonosaki)中代表缝隙连接通道和递质受体的细胞膜颗粒的分布和特征，以及离子通道或相关分子在小龙虾肌肉(Watanabe)传导过程中的光学性质。发展了一种新的神经元树三维结构演示方法(Koike)。较少

In regard to the mechanisms of modulation of ion permeation across the cell membrane, following specific problems were studied on a variety of cell type by eighteen investigators, and the results were obtained as follows. 1) Gating mechanism of ion channels : Activtion of Cl^- channels by Ca^<2+> or F^- in squid giant axons (Yamagishi), blockade of Na^+ channels by grayanotoxin and G-cyclam in giant axons (Seyama), activation and/or blockade by Na^+ and Mg^<2+> of Na^+-dependent K^+ channels in guinea-pig cardiac muscles (Noma), blockade of ACh receptor channels and enhancement of its de ensitization by diltiazem (Takeuchi), charge-transfer mechanism between Ca^<2+> channel at the t-tubule membran and Ca^<2+>-release channel at the sarccoplasmic reticulum (Inoue) and voltage-dependent Ca^<2+>-induced Ca^<2+> release mechanis m in bullfrog sympathetic neurones were found or analyzed. 2) Modulation of ion channel activities by transmitter and intracellular substances : Activation of Cl^- … More channel by cyclic AMP and Ca^<2+> in intestine epithelial cells (Okada), modulation of K^+ channels by Ca^<2+> and H^+ in pancreatic B cells (Kitasato), regulation of Ca^<2+> and K^+ channels by intracellular ATP and H^+ in smooth muscles (Tomita), biomodal modulation of NMDA-receptor channel by acetylcholine in Meynerte nucleus neurones (Akaike), activation by Ca^<2+> calmoduline-dependent kinase and inactivation by C-kinase of M-current in bullfrog sympathetic neurones (Akasu), phosphorylation of proteins by muscarine and cyclic GMP in rabbit sympathetic neurones (Kobayashi) were found or analyzed. 3) Neural differentiation and the regulation of ion channel expression : The regulatory mechanisms of gap junction channel expression during neural and epithelial inductions in ascidian embryos were claified (Takahashi). Culturing methods for analysis of synaptogenesis were developed (Fukuda). 4) Problems regarding axonal conduction : Inhibition of an axonal transport by acetylcholine (Takenaka), distribution and characteristics of cell membrane particles representing gap-junction channels and transmitter receptors in sympathetic ganglion cells and horizontal cells (Tonosaki) and optical properties of ion channels or related molecules during conduction in crayfish muscles (Watanabe) were found or analyzed. A new method for demonstration of three-dimensional structure of a neurone tree was developed (Koike). Less