A study of theory and Practice on defense counsel

日本在明治时期（1880年）的池州市率先在刑事诉讼中确立了律师辩护权。然而，这项权利是有限制的。只有在审判中或最多在预审中才得到承认。1947年制定了新宪法。《宪法》第34条保障获得律师帮助的权利。根据第37条，如果被告无法聘请律师，法院必须为他指定一名律师，但大多数嫌疑人无法聘请律师。因此，日本警方严重依赖嫌疑人的供词。因此，许多学者主张加强获得律师的权利-获得律师的权利，在关键阶段获得律师在场的权利，以及嫌疑人免费指定律师的权利。此外，四名死刑犯后来被判无罪，因此，许多律师认为，要使局势有所发展，必须保障所有嫌疑人获得律师的权利。日本律师协会联合会设立了Keiji Bengo中心和值班律师计划。

The first step on the right to counsel in criminal procedure was taken by CHIZAIHOU in Meiji period(1880)in Japan. However, the right was restrictive. It was recognized only in trial or at the utmost in pre-trial. The duty lawyers system was also liaited.In 1947 the new Constitution was established. Under Article 34 of the Constitution the right to counsel is guaranteed. And under Article 37 it is guaranteed that if the accused is unable to retain a lawyer, the court must appoint one for him.But most of suspects couldn't retain lawyers. Therefore the Japanese police relied heavily on confessions of suspects. So many academics asserted the reinforce of the right to counsel- the right of access to a lawyer, the right to the presence of the counsel at critical stages and the right duty appointed counsel at no cost to suspects. Moreover four prisoners under sentence of death were subsequently found innocent.So, to effect a development in the situation many lawyers thought the right to counsel must be guaranteed for all suspects. Japan Federation of Bar Associations established Keiji Bengo-Center and the Duty Solicitor scheme.