Influence of the Arctic on mid-latitude weather and climate

关于能源收支的观测于1994年1月中旬至2月中旬在加拿大西北地区的剑桥湾进行。并利用大气环境服务局获得的高空数据，进行了热量收支分析。此外，从1994年9月初至10月中旬，在波弗特海附近进行了BASE(Beaufort和北极风暴实验)。这项实验包括飞机、雷达和卫星观测。我们将我们的双极化多普勒雷达设置在面对波弗特海的Tuktoyaktuk，并在基准期内观测到了北极风暴。1.从1992年9月到1993年4月，在加拿大剑桥湾和Resolute N.W.T.进行了地面气温和气温垂直梯度的自动观测。此外，还在剑桥湾…测量了20米、40米和66米高度的气温和风速从1993年9月到1994年4月有更多。根据观测结果，由于辐射冷却引起的地面逆温和冷平流后的暖平流引起的地面逆温，出现了气温的负梯度。由于前者和后者被认为分别对应于冷空气的源和汇，因此，从两个观测点的比较来看，剑桥湾出现前者和后者的概率较大。2.我们在加拿大西北地区剑桥湾(69.3N，105.0 W)的气象站观测了近地面的风和气温，以了解冬季加拿大北极冷空气形成时它们的波动特征以及大气与地球表面之间的动量和热量输送。用WAT-395超声波风速仪测量水平、垂直风速和气温，用数字记录仪(DR-F1)记录，采样时间为1~10 Hz。利用谱分析和小波分析，明确了风速和气温的波动特征，并用涡旋相关方法分析了动量和热量输送。3.1994年1月16日至2月7日，在加拿大剑桥湾观测到了雪晶和冰晶。观测到的雪晶大多形状美观，推测是在薄层云中生长后坠落到非常冷的饱和空间中。发现在-25ﾟC以下的温度下，六方单晶片以相当高的频率生长，并分析了几种低温类型雪晶的生长条件。冰雾中形成的冰晶也被观测到，冰雾根据晶体形状的不同可以分为两种类型。4.Yamase环流是夏季在日本北部观测到的一种非常冷的东北风，它直接受到鄂霍次克高压和日本群岛以南低压带之间的气压梯度的驱动。利用客观分析的高空观测资料(NMC)和北冰洋海冰密度格网资料(NASA)，研究了Yamase环流的形成机制。由Yamase环流带来的冷气团被发现来自北冰洋，途经白令海峡。较少

Observations on the energy budget were carried out from the middle of January to the middle of February, 1994, at Cambridge Bay, Northwest Territories, Canada. And using upper air data, which was obtained by A.E.S.(Atmospheric Environment Service), the heat budget analysis was also done. Furthermore, BASE (Beaufort and Arctic Storms Experiment) was conducted near the region of Beaufort Sea from the beginning of September to the middle of October, 1994. This experiment was included of the aircraft, radar and satellite observations. We set our dual polarization Doppler radar at Tuktoyaktuk, which is faced on Beaufort Sea, and observed Arctic storms during the BASE period.1.Some automated observations had been carried out at Cambridge Bay and Resolute N.W.T., Canada about vertical gradient of surface air temperature and air temperature from September 1992 to April 1993. In addition of them, air temperature and wind speed at the height of 20m, 40m and 66m had been measured at Cambridge Bay … More from September 1993 to April 1994. According to the observational results, negative gradients of air temperature are noted to take place due to the surface inversion caused by radiative cooling and due to apparent surface inversion caused warm advection after cold advection. Since the former and latter cases are considered to correspond to source and sink of cold air, respectively, in comparison between two observational points, it is marked that the occurrences probabilities of the former to latter cases were greater at Cambridge Bay. than that at Resolute.2.We observed wind and air temperature near the ground at Aerological station in Cambridge-Bay, North-west Territories, Canada (69.3 N,105.0 W) to make clear the characteristics of fluctuations of them and momentum and heat transports between atmosphere and the surface of the earth when cold air formed in Canadian Arctic in winter. We measured horizontal and vertical wind velocities and air temperature by ultra sonic anemometer (WAT-395) and recorded them by digital recorder (DR-F1) with 1 to 10 Hz sampling time. We cleared the characteristics of fluctuations of wind speed and air temperature using spectrum and wavelet analysis and momentum and heat transports using eddy correlation method.3.From 16 January to 7 February in 1994 snow crystals and ice crystals were observed at Cambridge Bay in Canada. Most of observed snow crystals had beautiful shapes and were inferred to fall through very cold saturated space after grown in thin stratus cloud. Hexagonal single crystal plates were found to grow in considerable high frequencies at temperatures below -25ﾟC and growth conditions of snow crystals of a few low temperature types were analyzed. Ice crystals formed in ice fog were also observed and it was found that ice fog can be divided into two types by the deference of crystal shapes.4.The Yamase circulation is a very cold NE-ly wind observed in the northern Japan in the summertime, and is directly driven by the pressure gradient between the Okhotsk High and the low pressure zone to the south of Japanese Islands. Generation mechanism of the Yamase circulation has been studied by analyzing objectively analyzed data of the upper air observations (NMC) and the gridded data of sea-ice concentrations over the Arctic ocean (NASA). The cold air mass brought by the Yamase circulation has been found to come from the Arctic ocean through the Bering Strait. Less