Beyond "Japanization" and "Modernization" : A Comprehensive Perspective on Tokugawa Intellectual History

迄今为止，对德川思想的主要解读都是以朱子的天人观为出发点，试图在德川语境中追溯这一观点的“现代化”或“日本化”。相比之下，本项目关注了更广泛的中国视角，并通过从不同角度追踪他们与德川思想的结合，试图建立一个更多维的德川思想形象。法律历史学家将早期现代国家的概念定义为本质上的“世袭”。相反，通过追溯德川时期早期和中期的国家概念的历史演变，如林生和桥下，以及德川时期后期的国学和水户学派，本项目引导人们注意以纳入被统治者为导向的独特的国家观形成的过程。本项目探讨的其他问题包括，兰加库学者传播的新的世界观对日本现有的“神之国”形象和流行宗教世界观的影响，德川后期儒家神道思想的传播与以“家”为中心的社会结构的发展之间的联系，以及知识网络的形成，通过这一网络，索莱的思想传播到全国，并成为德川后半期领土改革运动的动力。在两年的项目过程中，参与者收集了广泛的原始资料并进行了分类。为了更广泛地提供这一努力的成果，他们计划在不久的将来出版一份按主题组织的这些来源的精选。

The dominant interpretations of Tokugawa thought up to now have taken the Chu Hsi view of heaven and human nature as their starting point and have attempted to trace the "modernization" or "Japanization" of that outlook in the Tokugawa context. By contrast, the present project has focused on a wider range of Chinese perspectives and by tracing from various angles their conjuncture with Tokugawa thought has sought to develop a more multidimensioned image of Tokugawa thought.Legal historians have conceptualized the early modern state as "patrimonial" in nature. By contrast, by tracing the historical evolution in the concept of the state presented by Tokugawa thinkers such as Hayashi Razan and Arai Hakuseki in the early and mid-Tokugawa period and the kokugaku and Mito schools in the latter half of the Tokugawa period, the present project has directed attention to the process by which a distinctive view of the state oriented towards incorporation of the ruled took shape.Other issues explored by the present project include the impact of the new notions of the world disseminated by rangaku scholars on the existing image of Japan as "the country of the gods" and the worldview of popular religion, the connection between the spread of Confucian-Shinto thought in the latter Tokugawa period and the development of a "house" -oriented social structure, and the formation of intellectual networks through which the thought of Ogyu Sorai was transmitted throughout country and became a motivating force in domain reform movements of the latter half of the Tokugawa period.Over the course of the two years of the project, the participants have collected and categorized a wide range of primary sources. To make more widely available the fruits of this effort, they plan to publish a thematically-organized selection of these sources in the near future.