A Research into the Athenian Oligarchs in the Late Fifth Century B.C.

在我的研究中，我研究了与公元前411年和公元前404年寡头革命有关的问题。修昔底斯的历史描写与亚里士多德的《雅典政治》之间的一些矛盾得到了合理的化解。Arist，Ath.的两个宪法草案。波尔，30-31，他的许多矛盾要被化解，是可以恰当地解释的。我在雅典古典民主社会和伯罗奔尼撒战争期间革命前夕的一些政治团体的运动和思想中寻找公元前411年寡头革命发生的原因。鉴于从民主党人转变为寡头事件的关键人物佩桑德罗斯，人们不能说唯一的寡头思想导致了政治变革。雅典官员受贿的民主制度受到战争形势恶化和国家财政崩溃的冲击，代价高昂的政治制度进入关键阶段。因此，富人、寡头和实际操纵者迫使人民对他们集中政治权力和废除国家支付的要求做出让步。在回顾惩罚四百名寡头的趋势时，我想到了我研究中的关键人物塞拉梅内斯的政治态度。他的政治态度受到公元前4世纪后期亚里士多德的高度评价，这反映了公元前403年的法律改革对4世纪雅典人的影响，即民主应该通过遵循梭伦的传统法律来发挥作用。而作为一名塞勒梅纳人的克利托芬的提议，其目的是主张遵守传统法律，这是合理的。但它的提议被寡头们忽视了，他们在公元前411年引发了寡头革命。

I study the matters related to the oligarchic revolutions of 411 and 404 B.C.in my research. Some contradictions between the descriptions of Thucydies' History and Aristotle's Athenaion Politeia are reasonably dissolved. The two constitutional drafts of Arist., Ath. Pol., 30-31, whose many contradictions are to be dissolved, are properly interpretable. I search the Athenian society of classical democracy and the movements and thoughts of some political groups just before the revolution during the Peloponnesian War for the reasons why the oligarchic revolution of 411 B.C.occurred. In view of transformation from a democrat into a oligarch of the key man of the event, Peisandros, one can not say that the only oligarchic thought caused the political change. The Athenian democracy with payment for officials was attacked by the worse situation of war and the thereby collapse of the state's finance, and the costly political system fell into critical stage. So the rich, the oligarchs and the practical handlers pressed the people to concede to their demands of their concentrated political power and the abolition of state payment. I concider the political attitude of the key man in my research, Theramenes, in review of the trend in the punishment of oligarchs of the Four Hundred. His political attitude was highly evaluated by Aristotle of the later fourth century B.C.It is a reflection of what the legal reforms of 403 B.C.effected that the fourth century Athenians thought that the democracy should function by following the traditional laws of Solon. And it is reasonable that the purpose of the proposal of Cleitophon, a Theramenean, is to claim for observing the traditional laws. But its proposal was neglected by the oligarchs and they brought on the oligarchic revolution at 411 B.C.