Infants' Orientation to Adults' Hand and the Development of Object Performance

本研究旨在探讨婴儿对成人手的定向在客体操作发展中的作用。本研究设计了四个实验，旨在探讨：（1）呈现过程中，婴儿对实验者的手的定向与呈现过程中婴儿对实验者的手的定向的关系（实验者将红色微型玩具车放入红色纸箱小隧道或透明小隧道中，将红色竹锤推入隧道中取出玩具车）和物体作为工具使用，（2）客体表现水平与两个客体组合的关系;（3）幼儿对成人面部的定向转化为成人的手的定向。第一、二次实验对象为1岁下半年的婴儿，第三次实验对象为3、4个月的婴儿，主要结果如下：（1）在6、7个月大的低水平婴儿中，经常观察到抬头看实验者的脸，（2）在控制了年龄因素的情况下，幼儿对实验者手的定向与物体操作密切相关，（3）在控制年龄因素的情况下，目标表现水平与两个目标的结合密切相关，（4）高水平的婴儿似乎通过拉棍子或推锤子的动作来认识两个物体的关系，并将因果关系的知觉联系起来，（5）在使用透明通道时，各年龄组的成绩均高于对照组，甚至最小年龄组的成绩也高于对照组（6-7个月大）试着把两个物体联合收割机，和（6）婴儿对成人面部的定向转化为成人的手，似乎与婴儿在物体运动过程中对移动面部的识别有关。性能

The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of infants' orientation to an adults hand in the development of object performance. Four experiment were designed to clarify, (1) the relationship between infant's orientation to the experimenter's hand during the presentation (the experimenter put a red miniature toy car into a small red carton tunnel or a small transparent tunnel, pushed a red bamboo hammer into the tunnel and took out the toy car) and object preformance as tool using, (2) relationship between object performance level and combining two objects, and (3) the translation of infant's orientation to an adult's face into an adult's hand. In the first and second experiments, infants in the second half of the first year paricipated, and in the third experiment, 3,4 months old infants took part.The main results are as follows ; (1) looking up at the experimentser's face was often observed among 6,7 months old infants with lower performance level, (2) infant's orientation to the experimenter's hand and object performance were related closely when the factor of age was controlled, (3) level of object performance and combining two objects were related closely when factor of age was controlled, (4) infants at a higher performance level seem to recognize the relationship of two objects through the action of pulling the stick, or pushing the hammer, and it relates the perception of causality, (5) when using the transparent tunnel, higher level of performances were much more observed in all age groups, even the infants in the youngest group (6-7 months old) try to combine the two objects, and (6) the translation of infant'orientation to an adult's face into an adult's hand seems to relate to infant's recognition of the moving face during object performance.