The Positive Study in Formation History of the School District System on the Basis of the Political Commune Process and Publicity in Germany (Prussia)

本文的目的是分析1808年至1848年普鲁士地区学区制度的形成过程，并通过农业改革对自治领和农村教区进行重组。因此，一种地方管理机制和一种传统文化被破坏，无法发挥作用。因此，柏林中央政府不得不重构地方行政体制，重新梳理人与国家的认同。1808年、1817年、1825年和1845年的行政体制重组旨在将地方社会的学校和教会纳入国家管辖。这一具体政策是在国家权力下重组地方社会。为了实现这一政策，柏林中央政府试图在行政上重组因农业改革而混乱的地方社会，使其成为学区的基本单位。1845年，普鲁士省议会（Provinziallandtag）正在审议省议会（Entwurf einer allgemeinen Schulordnung fur die elementary schulen der Provinz PreuBen）的小学总条例草案。这次审议的重点是学区组成问题。然而，与中央政府相反，普鲁士省议会表现出学区的自治权。我把这种自治称为Gemeindismus。学区的Gemeindismus由学校董事会实施，并控制一个单一的行政方向。学校董事会组织居民参加家庭教育的私人职能，并将这种私人职能视为公共职能。我给这个公共功能起了一个宣传的词，Offentlichkeit，学区系统。笔者在本报告中首先说明了德国（普鲁士）的学区制具有上述的形成过程。

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the formation of the school district system from 1808 until 1848 in Prussia Dominium and rural parish was reorganaized by the agricultural reform. Thereby, a mechanism in lokal administration and a traditional culture was destroyed and didn't function. Therefore, the central government in Berlin had to reconstruct the lokal administrative systems and reorganize the indentification of people with state. The reorganization of administrative systems in 1808,1817,1825 and 1845 intended getting school and church in lokal society under state. That concrete policy was to reorganize lokal society under state power. In order to achieve this policy, the central government in Berlin tried to reorganize administratively the lokal society, which was disorganized by the agricultural reform, as the basic unit of the school district.In 1845, the Prussian Provincial Diet, Provinziallandtag, is deliberating the draft of the general elementary schoolregulation in province Pressia (Entwurf einer allgemeinen Schulordnung fur die elementarschulen der Provinz PreuBen). The important point in this deliberation was the matter of the school district formation. However, in opposition to the central government, the Prussian Provincial Diet manifested an autonomy of the school district. I gave this autonomy a term of Gemeindismus. Gemeindismus of the school district is practiced by a board of school and controles a one-seded administrial direction.A board of school organizes the private funktion of education in families by attendance of inhabitants and regards this private funktion as the matter of public funktion. I gave this public funktion a term of publicity, Offentlichkeit, of the shool district system.The author first shows in this report that the school district system in Germany (Prussia) has the above-mentioned formation process.