Is the U.S.Banking Industry in Decline?

美国银行业正在衰退的结论来自于对银行资产负债表活动的观察。然而，如果我们考虑到银行的表外活动，如贷款承诺、衍生品交易，上述说法就被否定了。从长远来看，我们正处于银行传统业务发生巨大变化的时刻。长期以来，银行被定义为既提供支票存款账户又提供贷款展期的机构。现在，最好把它定义为一个承担和管理风险的机构，或者做所谓银行所做的事情。我们现在观察到的日本和美国银行业的情况是，广义上的各种金融机构都在超越旧的行业概念的界限来运作。在美国，自1991年以来，国会一直争取通过法例，容许银行透过金融服务控股公司或多元化控股公司提供更广泛的服务，但至今仍未成功。在日本，在所谓的日本版大爆炸的过程中，同样的发展预计将进一步证实世界范围内的事实标准。为了描述和分析美国和日本的发展，本研究项目的首席研究员研究并发表了以下主题：“在美国，银行业正在衰落？《格拉斯-斯蒂格尔法案》，《1991年联邦存款保险公司法》，《日本的金融控股公司计划》，《美国的金融业间问题》，“1995年4月至1998年3月期间，“狭义银行业务和信贷创造“。

The arguements that the U.S.banking industry is in decline derives from observations based on banks' balance sheet activites. However, if we consider banks'off-balance sheet activities such as loan commitments, derivative transactions, the above-mentioned statements would be denyed. In the long run, we are on the verge of the time when banks' traditional activities would be dramatically changing.A bank has long been defined as an institution that offers both checking deposir accounts and loan extensions. Now, it would be better to difine it as an institution that underwrites and manages risks, or does what a so-called bank does.What we observe things happened in Japanese and American banking industry right now are the facts that every kind of financial institution in a broad sense operate themselves beyoned distinction of old industry concepts. In the United States, the Congress has consecutively struggled since 1991 to pass legislation to allow banks to offer wider range of services through a financial services holding compnany or a diversified holding company, which has not yet succeeded. In Japan, in the process of so-called Japanese Edition of Big Bang, the same developments are expected to go further to confirm to worldwide de fact standards.To describe and analyze those developments in the U.S.and Japan, the head investigator of this research project has worked on and published those themes such as "In the U.S.Banking Industry in Decline? " "The Glass-Steagall", "FDICIA of 1991, "Financial Holding Company Scheme in Japan, " "Financial Interindustry Problems in the U.S., " "Narrow Banking and Credit Creation, " during the period April 1995 - March 1998.