帷幄上奏制度の実態研究-帷幄上奏データベースの作成

1. 我对国家档案馆的内阁人事文件中所载的军官任免文件进行了详尽的研究。对1871年至1880年的所有政府人事文件进行了核查，并通过决策程序的变化证明了军队人事管理权向军队的下放。此外，还建立了一个包含这些文件的参谋长给天皇的备忘录的数据库。直到1878年12月26日，明仁天皇未经内阁决定直接任命野津将军为止，中尉以上的所有军事人事都需要内阁的批准。从那以后，当一名军官要被分配到任何职位时，参谋长和战争部长都要提交给帝国直接制裁，而无需内阁批准。但在晋升的情况下，陆军部部长在丞相之前向内阁提出申请，而更多的大臣则向皇上提出钦定或报告。直到1877年9月，才有任何内阁文件加盖天皇的批准印章。内阁的决定实际上是国家的最后和最高意志，1877年以前不存在独立于内阁的天皇。1877年9月以后，在内阁文件上印上天皇诏书的封印。上述事实表明，有可能对军事司令部的独立或总参谋部的成立为何始于1878年底这一问题给出新的答案。“皇帝的认可”应该是最高统帅部本身独立的前提条件。但在1877年9月才第一次实现，在此之前，最高统帅部独立的条件并不存在。可以认为，日本总参谋部的建立，是在“皇上制裁”已经出现的政治形势下，军队为“皇上直接政府”而进行的运动。少

1. I have carried out exhaustive researches on the appointment-and-dismissal documents of military officers contained in the Cabinet personnel documents of the National Archives. All governmental personnel documents from 1871 to 1880 were checked, and the devolution of rights to the military personnel management on the military was proved by changes of decision making procedure. Furthermore, an database of the Chief of Staffs memorials to the Emperor contained in those documents was created.2. All military personnel affairs above lieutenants required the sanction of the Cabinet until December 26,1878 when the Emperor Mutsuhito gave a direct commission to General Nozu without the Cabinet decision.After that, when an army officer was going to be assign to any position, the Chief of Staff and the Secretary of War submitted to Imperial direct sanction without the Cabinet approval. But in the case of promotion the Secretary of War submitted the application to the Cabinet before the Prime Mi … More nister submitted the imperial sanction or reported to the Throne.3. There was no cabinet document that had the Emperor's stamp of his sanction until September 1877. The Cabinet decision was the last and supreme will of the state in fact and the Emperor who was independent from the cabinet didn't exist before 1877.It started after September 1877 that sealing of the Emperor's sanction was printed to the Cabinet documents.4. These above facts show a possibility of giving a new answer to a certain question, why the independence of the military command or the foundation of the General Staff started at the end of 1878. The "Emperor's sanction" should be a premise condition of the independence of the supreme command itself. But it was realized in September 1877 for the first time and the condition for the independence of the supreme command did not exist before it. It can be considered that foundation of the General Staff in Japan was the army's movement for the "Imperial direct government" under the political situation made by "the Emperor's sanction" having appeared. Less