POLICY ANALYSIS OF ENSURING STABLE SUPPLY OF ELECTRICITY AND SUSTAINING NUCLEAR AND RENEWABLE ENERGY AFTER INTRODUCING COMPETITION INTO POWER INDUSTRY

促进电力零售业竞争的基本机制有两种：联营体机制和旋转机制。日本于2000年3月实施了部分自由化的旋转制度，但没有改变现有企业的纵向一体化。2003年将审查自由化政策。如果优先考虑培养新的参与者，可能会引入联营系统。在英格兰和威尔士，化石燃料税已经开始，以保持核能和可再生能源在强制联营中。这是在竞争形势下与非化石燃料义务相联系的人为策略。由于征费的支付者是所有的电力用户，因此FFL不被视为公共补贴，而是非化石燃料和化石燃料之间的交叉补贴。在美国，监管机构允许现有公司支付搁浅成本。在加州，从QF购买电力的成本和核电投资的成本被视为搁浅成本。现有企业可以将成本作为竞争过渡费加入价格，最终用户必须支付该费用。各国的具体解决方案各不相同，但都有固定于市场机制内部的共同倾向，在非捆绑结构下一旦选择联营制度，就无法保证稳定的供应体系。因此，政府必须提供辅助设备。如果政府在放松管制的改革过程中不进行干预，环境保护和普遍服务等政策目标将无法实现。为了维持稳定供应、环境保护和普遍服务等公共利益，旋转贸易制度是一种选择。

There are two elementary systems to promote the retail competition in electricity industry, the pool system and the wheeling system. In Japan the partial liberalization by wheeling system was implemented in March 2000, but the vertical integration of incumbents was not changed. The policy of liberalization will be reviewed in 2003. If the priority is on fostering new entrants, the pool system may be introduced.In England and Wales, the Fossil Fuel Levy is commenced in order to maintain nuclear and renewable energy in the compulsory pool. It is the artificial maneuver linked with Non-Fossil Fuel Obligation in the competitive situation. As the payer of the Levy is all customer of electricity, FFL is not regarded as public subsidy, but one of cross-subsidization between non-fossil and fossil fuels.Regulator allows existing companies to cover Stranded Cost in USA.In California, cost of purchasing electricity from QF and of nuclear investment is reckoned as Stranded Cost. Incumbents can add the cost to price as Competition Transition Charge, and end users must pay that charge. Concrete solutions are different from States, but they have common tendency to fix inside market mechanism.Once pool system is selected under unbundling structure, stable supply system will be not ensured. Therefore the government have to provide supplementary device. If the government does not intervene in reform process of deregulation, policy objectives, such as environmental protection and universal service will not be attained. In order to sustain public interest including stable supply, environmental protection and universal service, wheeling trade system is one option.