Urvan Earthquake Hazard Assessment and Rehabilitation

为了解决地震灾害与相关地区社会经济结构之间的关系，本文以1995年日本孝古肯南部地震和1976年中国唐山地震为例，对地震灾害进行了详细的研究，重点研究了地震造成的人员伤亡、直接经济损失和间接经济损失。另一方面，在重建过程中，人事活动也随着社会经济结构的进步发挥着非常重要的作用。对于这两个方面（灾害评估和重建），现将一些结果说明如下。a)孝古肯南部地震中，由于其人口密度高、房屋破损率高、居民年龄大等特殊的社会经济地位，房屋倒塌和人员伤亡主要影响灾害程度。b)作为灾后效应，居民因房屋受损而迁移、紧急避难生活条件恶劣、个人消费恢复缓慢、就业与失业、压力积累与释放等，对灾后重建过程产生了强烈影响。c)神户和唐山市的房屋重建都是最重要的，直接影响到其他城市的灾后重建。由于社会制度的不同，在紧急避难设置、寺庙公寓建设和永久住宅重建等方面表现出截然不同的过程。唐山市的居住改善被认为是比较成功的。d)定义灾害损失等效年指数，该指数等于上一年的灾害数量除以相关值。通过对口贝和唐山市的灾害分析，提出的指标不仅可以用于发达国家的灾害等级评定，也可以用于发展中地区的灾害等级评定。

In order to solve the relation between the earthquake disaster and socio-economic structure of relevant area, the disasters of the Hyo-go Ken Nanbu Earthquake (1995, Japan) and the Tangshan Earthquake (1976, China) are investigated in detail, especially paying attention on the personnel damage, the direct economic loss and the indirect economic loss. On the other hand, to the process of rehabilitation, the personnel activities are also play very important role with the progressive socio-economic structure. For these two aspects (disaster assessment and rehabilitation), some results are remarked as below.a) In the Hyo-go Ken Nanbu Earthquake, the collapse of house and personnel damage affect mainly the level of disaster due to its especial socio-economic status including high population density, large rate of ols house and aged resident.b) As a post-earthquake effects, the movement of resident due to the house damage, bad emergency asylum life condition, dull recovery of individual consumption, employment and unemployment, the stress accumulation and release and so on, have made a strong influence to the rehabilitation process.c) Both in Kobe city and Tangshan city, the rebuild of house was most important and affected directly the rehabilitation of other. It shown very different process in set of emergency asylum, construction of temple apartment and rebuild of permanent house because of their different social system. The improvement of residence in Tangshan city is considered to be more succesful.d) The index named as equivalent years of disaster loss is defined, which is equal to the amount of disaster divided by the relevant value at last year. Through the disaster analysis in Koube and Tangshan city, it is possible to use the proposed index to scale the level of disasters not only in developed country but also in developing area.