Cognitive Psychological Studies on Implicit Memory for Music Information

本研究旨在阐明音乐信息的内隐记忆特点。为此，我们进行了和弦和旋律的重复启动实验，以及视觉信息的重复启动实验，以比较视觉和听觉的重复启动。重复启动（Repetition priming）是指当相同的刺激被预先呈现时，加工的易化程度，被认为是内隐记忆的一种度量。实验结果表明，汉字词有重复启动效应，而假汉字词和非汉字词无重复启动效应，重复刺激（启动词和目标词）大小的变化不影响重复启动效应。内隐记忆通常被认为是包含知觉信息的，然而，这些结果并不一定支持这一观点。第二，采用大-小判断任务考察了和弦的重复启动效应。结果表明，和弦具有重复启动效应，重复和弦之间音色的变化不影响和弦的重复启动效应。这些结果表明，木材等知觉信息在和弦的内隐记忆中可能并不起决定性作用。第三，以偏调检测任务为内隐记忆任务，考察了旋律的内隐记忆，发现重复启动只出现在有调性的旋律上，而无调性的旋律没有。这一发现表明，对旋律的重复启动可能共享了来自旋律图式的信息，即音乐的内隐记忆中并不包含刺激本身的知觉信息，而是包含一些抽象的音乐图式信息。

The purpose of this project was to elucidate the characteristics of implicit memory for music information. For this purpose, we did the experiments of repetition priming for musical chord and melody, as well as those for visual information, in order to compare visual and auditory repetition priming. Repetition priming refers to the facilitation of processing when the same stimulus is presented in advance, which is considered as the measure of implicit memory.First, we examined repetition priming for visually presented Kanji, pseudo-, and non-Kanji stimuli. Lexical decision task was administered as implicit memory task, The results showed that repetition priming for Kanji was observed but not for pseudo-, and non-Kanji, and that the change of the size of repeated stimuli (prime and target) didn't influenced the repetition priming. Usually, implicit memory is considered including perceptual information, however, these results don't necessarily support this notion. Instead, it suggests that the implicit memory for visual information may have some abstract information but isn't literal perceptual.Second, repetition priming for musical chord was examined using major-minor decision as implicit memory task. The results showed repetition priming for chord, and that the change of timbre between repeated chords didn't influenced the repetition priming. These results suggests that the perceptual information as timber may not play a crucial role in implicit memory for chord.Third, implicit memory for melody was investigated using the detection task of deviated tone as implicit memory task.Repetition priming was observed only for tonal melody but not for atonal melody. This finding suggested that repetition priming for melody might share the information from melody schema.To summarize, this project made it clear that implicit memory for music doesn't have a perceptual information of stimulus itself, but some abstract information as music schema.