The Politicization of the Chilean Military and the Breakdown of Eemocracy

本研究考察了导致1973年9月11日政变的智利军民关系，重点放在等式的军事方面。与其他拉丁美洲国家不同，智利军方严格遵守“双重纪律”，即，对上级的绝对服从。民事当局。然而，在弗雷政府（1964-1970）期间，由于工资低和军事物资供应不足，抗议运动在军队中发展。迄今为止，这些运动一直没有得到充分的研究，但这项研究证实，在表面之下，它们在中低层军官中具有巨大的动员潜力。虽然抗议的动机不是政治性的，但破坏纪律的心理效应使后来更容易在政治上挑战它。抗议运动的另一个影响是，平民和军方都意识到了武装部队的潜在力量。从那时起，各种倾向的平民试图培养军队以达到他们的政治目的。阿连德政府（1970-1973）期间的两极分化和暴力气氛使军官团政治化，他们传统的反共情绪变得更加尖锐。虽然在武装部队内部发展了左翼秘密组织，但大多数军官都朝着相反的方向激进。到1973年6月，军官们意图发动政变，在海军和空军中建立了霸权。然而，他们无法确定日期，因为军队总司令反对这一行动。对等级制度的服从还不是一纸空文，如果相当数量的军队听从总司令的命令，政变可能导致内战。

This study examines the Chilean civil military relations leading up to the coup d'etat of September 11, 1973, focusing on the military side of the equation.Unlike in other Latin American countries, the Chilean military had rigidly observed the "double discipline", ie., absolute obedience to one's superiors and complete submission to. the civilian authorities. However during the Frei Government (1964-1970), protest movements developed in the military due to the low salaries and insufficient supply of military materieL. These movements have been heretofore understudied, but this study confirmed that beneath the surface they commanded a great mobilizational potential among the middle- and lower ranking officers. Although the motives of the protests were not political, the psychological effect of breaking the discipline made it easier tochallenge it later on political grounds. Another effect of the protest movements was that both civilians and the military realized the potential power of the armed forces. From that time on, civilians of diverse tendencies tried to cultivate the military for their political ends.The atmosphere of polarization and violence during the Allende Government (1970-1973) politicized the officer corps, and their traditional anticommunist sentiment became ever more acute. While there developed leftist secret organizations within the armed forces, the majority of officers radicalized in the opposite direction. By June, 1973, the officers, intent on a coup d'etat, established a hegemony in the navy and the air force. Still, they could not fix a date because the commander-in-chief of the army was opposed to the move. The obedience to the hierarchy was not yet a dead letter, and a coup could lead to a civil war if a substantial number of army units followed the orders of its commander-in-chief The obstacle to the coup was finally removed when the army commander-in-chief resigned on August 23.