Development of monitoring methods for risk assessment of indoor air contamination by chemicals and its application to termiticide (chlorpyrifos), pesticide (permethrin)

在日本，由于住宅楼室内化学品含量升高而造成的“病态房屋综合症”等危险健康影响正在增加。建立了室内空气中毒死蜱/氯菊酯的监测方法，并以居民尿中毒死蜱的代谢产物3，5，6-三氯-2-吡啶酚（TCP）/氯菊酯的代谢产物3-苯氧基苯甲酸（PBA）作为暴露指标。同时测定了室内空气中甲醛和13种挥发性有机物的浓度。在日本，8所房屋中有3所的毒死蜱水平为21-26 ng/m^3，低于室内空气质量标准（所有婴儿均为1000 ng/m^3或100 ng/m^3）。但在3个家庭的9名居民中有7人检测到尿TCP。8户居民中有5户的氯菊酯浓度在3-61 ng/m^3之间，5户居民中有5户的12名居民尿中检出苯丙醇胺。然而，日本尚未制定氯菊酯的指导方针。8间房屋中有8间房屋的甲醛含量为10-103 pg/m^3，其中一间新建房屋的甲醛含量高于日本指南（100 ug/m^3）。所有房屋的室内空气中都检测到13种挥发性有机化合物，其中新建房屋室内空气中甲苯、二甲苯、乙苯含量最高（分别为95、34、55 μg/m^3）。但是，这三个水平均低于日本的标准（分别为260、870、3800 μg/m^3）。本研究结果表明，有必要对杀白蚁剂、杀虫剂、甲醛、VOCs（甲苯、二甲苯、对二氯苯等）等化学物质进行监测。污染室内空气，并评估长期暴露于这些化学品的风险。

Hazardous health effects such as "sick house syndrome" due to elevated indoor chemicals in residential buildings are increasing ill Japan. We developed monitoring methods and determined the concentrations of chlorpyrifos (organophosphorus termiticide) / permethrin (pyrethroid pesticide) in indoor air and 3, 5, 6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCP, metabolife of chlorpyrifos) / 3-phenoxy benzoic acid (PBA, metabolite of permethrin) in the residents' urine as exposure indices. Moreover, the concentrations of formaldehyde (HCHO) and 13 kinds of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in indoor air were determined. The chlorpyrifos levels were 21-26 ng/m^3 in 3 of 8 houses and the levels were below indoor air quality guidelines (1000 ng/m^3 or 100 ng/m^3 for all infant) in Japan. However, urinary TCP was detected in 7 of 9 residents in 3 houses. The permethrin levels were 3-61 ng/m^3 in 5 of 8 houses and urinary PBA was detected in 5 of 12 residents in 5 houses. However, guidelines for permethrin have not been established in Japan. The HCHO levels were 10-103 pg/m^3 in 8 of 8 houses and the level in a newly-built house was higher than the guidelines (100 ug/m^3) in Japan.Thirteen kinds of VOCs were detected in indoor air of all houses and the levels of toluene, xylene, ethylbenzene in indoor air of a newly-built house were the highest (95, 34, 55 μg/m^3, respectively). However, these levels were lower than the guidelines (260, 870, 3800 μg/m^3, respectively) in Japan.The present findings suggest that it is necessary to monitor chemicals such as termiticides, pesticides, formaldehyde, VOCs (toluene, xylene, p-dichlorobenzene, etc.) contaminating indoor air and to agsess the risk of prolonged exposure to these chemicals.