The way to improve the motor performances in children with intellectual disability

为明确提高智力障碍儿童立定跳远运动成绩的途径，在有目标和无目标两种任务条件下对儿童立定跳远运动成绩进行了研究。在无目标条件下，受试者被指示跳得越远越好。另一方面，在有目标条件下，受试者在距离无目标条件下第一次试验的距离20cm处设置一个目标，并指示他们向目标跳跃。研究对象为30名平均年龄为16.2岁的智障儿童。有目标条件的平均表现为108cm，无目标条件的平均表现为102cm。两者之间的差异是显著的，因此，这表明了设定目标以提高跳跃成绩的有效性。在三个自变量（实足年龄、智商和Garfield's运动不持续性测验的三个任务的行为调节得分）中，只有行为调节得分与条件差异显著相关。当儿童的行为调节能力较低时，示范目标更有效。但是给孩子们一个目标对那些患有唐氏综合症的人来说是无效的。从接下来的实验结果可以看出，他们解决运动任务的策略是不同的。设计了一个托盘搬运任务，在这个任务中，受试者拿着一个托盘，里面装满了水，他们尽量不把水洒出来。这项任务分配给了10名唐氏儿童和18名其他类型的智力迟钝儿童。从泼水量的角度来看，唐氏综合症儿童的表现与其他儿童没有显著差异。患有唐氏综合症的儿童比其他儿童需要更多的时间和更多的步数，尽管两组儿童每走一步所需的时间是相同的。唐氏综合症儿童的策略似乎是为了完成给定的运动任务而使每个运动单位变小。少

To clarify the way to improve the motor performances in children with intellectual disability, their performances of standing broad jump were studied in two task conditions (with / without-goal condition). In the without-goal condition subjects were instructed to jump as far as possible. In the with-goal condition, on the other hand, subjects were given a goal set 20cm away form the distance of the first trial in the without-goal condition and instructed to jump for the goal. The subjects were 30 children with intellectual disability with an average age of 16.2 years. The mean performance of the with-goal condition was 108cm, while that of the without-goal condition was 102cm. The difference between them was significant, thus, it is indicating the effectiveness of setting a goal to improve jumping performance. Among three independent variables (Chronological age, IQ, and behavior regulation score measured by three tasks of Garfield's motor impersistence test), only the behavior regulat … More ion score was found to be significantly related to the condition difference. It was more effective to demonstrate the goal when the behavior regulation abilities of children were lower. But giving the children a goal was not effective for those with Down syndrome. It was suggested from the results of the following experiment that their strategy for solving motor task would be differed. A tray-carrying task was devised in which subjects carried a tray bearing a glass filled with water which they tried not to spill. This task was given to 10 children with Down and 18 children with other types of mental retardation. The performance of children with Down syndrome was not significantly different from that of other children as measured by the amount of water spilled. Children with Down syndrome required more time and took more steps than the other children, although the time taken for each step was the same in both groups. The strategy of children with Down syndrome appears to be to make each unit of movement smaller in order to achieve a given motor task. Less