Logical and Philosophical Study Concerning the Structure of the Causal Inference about Actions

这个研究项目的中心主题是了解有关行动的因果推理的结构。现代哲学家通常采用戴维森的分析方法对人类行为进行批判性分析。本研究试图对这一有争议的分析类型，特别是所谓的副词脱落推理问题进行考察和研究。主要问题是：（1）戴维森分析没有考虑动作和事件的个体化程度，（2）不能很好地描述动作句。(1)副词脱落推理并不是将其副词从被修饰句中脱落，而只是将其句子泛化。那么它的副词仅仅是用来代替更一般地解释有关行为的描述。(2)在因果陈述中，一个作为原因的行为和另一个作为结果的行为通过满足一定的条件而形成因果关系。因此，如果条件被推广，因果关系本身就不能成立。因为他们无法满足条件。(3)要自然地用因果句进行副词脱落推理，就必须用相关动作句的个体化图很好地描述因果关系的一般化条件。

The central theme of this research project is to understand the structure of causal reasoning concerning actions. To analyze human actions philosophically modern philosophers usually use Davidsonian way of analysis. This research attempted to examine and investigate this controversial type of analysis, especially the problem of so-called adverb-dropping inference. It is the points of issue are that (1)Davidsonian analysis does not consider the level of individuation of actions and events, and (2)it can not describe the action sentences well.The main result obtained by this project is the following.(1) The adverb-dropping inference does not drop its adverb from the modified sentence, but only generalizes its sentence . Then its adverb is merely substituted for the description which explains relevant action more generally.(2) In the causal statements, one action as a cause and other action as an effect make a causal relation by their fulfillment of a certain condition. So, if the condition is generalized, the causal relation itself cannot hold. Because they cannot fulfill the condition.(3) To make an adverb-dropping inferences by causal sentences naturally it is necessary that we describe the generalized condition of the causal relation well by the individuation diagram of relevant action sentences.