Agro-environmental Study of the Sustainability of Indigenous Agriculture In Central and Southern Africa

这项研究是为了从环境、农业方法和社会经济背景三个不同方面描述中部和南部非洲的土著农业系统的特点。通过对几种土著农业系统的比较，分析了土著农业的基本原理、潜力和未来前景，并考虑了土著农业可持续发展的要求。选定的七个研究区是：1)坦桑尼亚维多利亚湖西部的布科巴，2)Makete，3)Tukuyu，4)Mbozi，它们都属于坦桑尼亚的南部高地，5)Mpika，赞比亚北部，6)Kasempa，赞比亚西南部和7)Zambezi泛滥平原的蒙古。布科巴永久香蕉园的分布是由厚厚的土层控制的，否则就会产生岩石草原。土壤肥力一直通过将农家庭院粪便和香蕉残留物加入到WITS中来保持。香蕉b…更多的物质测量显示，年干物质生产量在1.8-4.8t之间，与中等护理条件下的谷物生产量相当。该地区400多人的高人口密度迫使农民采取多样化的谋生策略，增加草地耕种或出售香蕉以换取现金，这主要是由于香蕉园世代支离破碎。ii)坦桑尼亚南部高地山坡的植被和土壤具有刀耕火种、有烧成丘、成丘不烧和简单的锄头耕作等耕作制度的特点。通过仪式高度系统化的集体作品在该地区非常常见，但根据人们接受基督教的方式不同，它们是多样化的。3)姆皮卡一个村庄20年的历史特点是采用玉米种植进行商业耕作，但后来在结构调整政策的压力下回归到几丁质轮作耕作。这是因为农民选择利用一切机会，因此几丁基苯仍然是最可靠的生产资料。在此期间，该地区的人口密度保持在1-25人/km2之间，并对其承载能力进行了评估。4)赞比西河泛滥平原的土著农业受洪水控制，农田和牲畜发生季节性转移。研究表明，河滩不仅是提供生产资料(农业、牛和鱼)的基础，而且是一个多民族共存的社会。因此，土著农业在很大程度上由可用自然资源控制，这决定了人口的异质性分布。2)农业社会的变化不是用人口增长或环境退化理论来理解的，而是从社会经济的角度来理解人们生活方式的变化3)土著农业系统强度的差异是由于在特定技术下最大限度地利用环境的结果，其潜力将通过社会经济变化来扩大。较少

The research was conducted to characterize indigenous agricultural systems in central and southern Africa from the three different aspects; i.e., environment, agricultural method and socio-economic background. The fundamentals, potentials and future perspective of indigenous agriculture were analyzed by comparing several indigenous agricultural systems, and what is requested for the indigenous agriculture to be sustainable was considered. The selected seven research areas are; 1) Bukoba, western Lake Victoria zone of Tanzania, 2) Makete, 3) Tukuyu, 4)Mbozi, which all belongs to the Southern Highland of Tanzania, 5) Mpika, northern Zambia, 6) Kasempa, south-western Zambia and 7) Mongu, Zambezi flood plain, western Zambia.The main findings are;i). The distribution of permanent banana gardens at Bukoba was controlled by thick soil layers, which otherwise bring about rocky grassland. Soil fertility has been maintained by incorporating farmyard manure and banana residues into wits. Banana b … More io-mass measurement revealed that annual dry matter production ranged 1.8-4.8 t that is comparable to cereal production with moderate care. The high population density of the area of more than 400 forces farmers to diversify their livelihood strategy to increase grassland farming or selling banana for cash mainly due to the fragmentation of banana gardens through generations.ii) The vegetation and soils of mountain slopes of the Tanzanian Southern Highland characterized the cultivation systems such as slash-and-burn, mound with burn, mound without burn and simple hoe cultivation. Collective works that are highly systematized by rituals are very common in the area, but they are diverse according the way people adopted Christianity.iii) The twenty years history of a village at Mpika is characterized by adoption of maize cultivation for commercial farming, but later by regression to chitemene shifting cultivation under the pressure of the structural adjustment policy. This was due to farmers choices ice utilize whatever opportunities thereby chitemene remained as the most reliable means of production. The population density of the area remained in the range of 1-25 person/km^2 during the period, and the carrying capacity of the chitemene was evaluated 10/km^2.iv)Indigenous agriculture at the Zambezi Floodplain is controlled by flood, whereby seasonal shift of crop land and cattle took place. It is revealed that the floodplain is a fundamental that provide not only the means of production (agriculture, cattle and fish) but also a society that holds multi-ethnical coexistence.Conclusively, indigenous agriculture is 1)largely controlled by available natural resources, which determines the heterogeneous distribution of people. 2) The change in agrarian society is not understood by population increase nor environmental degradation theories, but by change in peoples' life style in socio-economic perspective 3) The difference in the intensity of indigenous agricultural systems is due to the result of maximum use of the environment under given technology, and its potentials will be extended through socio-economic changes. Less