The National Integration and the Political Relations Between Central and Local Governments in Modern China

本研究旨在分析民国时期中央政府与地方政府的政治关系。本研究的主要观点如下：民国成立后不久，袁世凯的中央政府试图通过与省级政府合作来改革地方行政体制。但是，这种整合民族的必要尝试并没有像袁世凯所期望的那样进行。最后，为了保持各省军民总督对他的“忠诚”，袁必须建立各省政府的权力。此外，他的政府还对地方政府财政办公室和地方行政官的招聘程序进行了改革，以削弱地方政府权力的自治基础。相反，这次地方政府财政办公室改革的目的反而是在1913年“第二次革命”后加强了地方政府的财政权力。“第二次革命”后推行的地方行政官招聘程序改革，也逐渐失去了功能，无法控制省级政府的人事管理。袁世凯政权垮台后，许多知识分子都在摸索如何重组中央与地方的政治关系。石存通就是其中之一。在北京、上海和东京，他探索了改变当时中国政治环境的措施，并开始接近马克思主义。尤其是在东京留学期间的经历，对他的思想产生了很大的影响。

The aim of this research project is to analize the political relations between central and local governments in the Republic of China.The main points of this reserch are as follows ;Soon after the Republic was founded, Yuan Shih-K'ai's central government tried to reform the local administration system by cooperating with provincial governments. But, this atempt, which was necessary to integrate the nation, could not proceed as Yuan Shih-K'ai expected. Finally Yuan had to build up the power of provincial governments in order to maintain "loyalty" to him of the provincial military and civil governors.Moreover, his government carried out the reforms of local government finance offices and recruitment process of district magistrates in order to weaken autonomous basis of power in provincial governments. On the contrary, the aim of this reform of local government finance offices rather helped to strengthen the financial power of provincial governments after "the Second Revolution" in 1913. The reform of recruitment process of district magistrates, which was enforced after "the Second Revolution", also became less functional gradually, and could not control personnel administration of provincial governments.After the collapse of Yuan shih k'ai's government, many intellectuals groped for the measures to reorganize the political relations between central and local governments. Shi Cun-Tong was one of them. In Peijing, Shanghai and Tokyo, he groped for the measures to change the political circumstances of China in that period, and came to approach Marxism. Especially, the experience during his stay in Tokyo as a student had a strong influence on his thought.