A Study on the Political Structure in Sung China, Employing Official Records of Administrative Affairs and Private Diavies

在过去三年中，分析宋代政治结构的进展是由这一时期的政治日记推动的。以下是分析的结果。(1)宋朝的正史包括以朝廷日记和行政事务记录为基础编制的日历，而实录则以日历为基础编制，从而形成了国史的编纂过程。其中最重要的是行政事务记录，其中大议员和行政官员与皇帝的政治对话占据了最重要的位置。(2)大议员和行政官员在记录行政事务的同时，还增加了个人账目。这些记录主要是为了记录皇帝的政治讨论，其中许多被提交给政府，以创建官方历史。不仅是行政事务和日记的记录，而且皇帝的谈话也受到重视，这些历史记录是由政府收集的。结果，在宋朝，一个影响深远的“平等”制度发展起来，政府官员会见皇帝，并直接向他表达他们的意见。(4)将北宋《王安信日记》与南宋“周比塔***”所著的《思鲁实录》进行比较，发现两者的日记具有相同的特点，主要是记录与皇帝举行的大谋士、行政官员之间的谈话。尽管基于大议员和行政官员观点的日记具有固有的局限性，但它们生动地描述了宋代皇帝，大议员和行政官员，随从，审查和谏官以及太监的各个官僚层面的决策过程。(5)然而，周必达同时写了《冯昭志》。《封诏纪事》是以日记的形式收录了皇帝直接给政府官员的诏书。当从北宋末期发生的实际事件的角度来考虑这些“御函”的发展时，保存这些记录以及与皇帝的谈话表明了它们的重要性。日记描述风格的变化巧妙地与当时政治结构的调整保持一致。少

Progress in analyzing the political structure of the Sung Dynasty over the past three years has been driven by the political diaries of the period. The following are the results of this analysis. (1) The official histories of Sung consist of a daily calendar that was compiled based on court diaries and records of administrative affairs, while veritable records were compiled based on the daily calendar, thus forming the compilation process upon which the national histories drew. Among these are the records of administrative affairs, where political conversations the grand councilors and executive officials had with the emperor, command the most important position. (2) Personal accounts were added along with the records of administrative affairs by grand councilors and executive officials. These accounts were created mainly to record the political discussions the emperor had, of which many were submitted to the government in order to create the official history. (3) The records of not on … More ly the records of administrative affairs and diaries but me emperor's conversations as well were treated with importance, and these historical records were brought together by the government. The result was that a far-reaching system of 'Equality' developed during the Sung Dynasty in which government officials met with the emperor and related their opinions directly to him. (4) When the 'Diaries of Wang An Shin' of Northern Sung are compared with the 'Chronicles of Silu ***' written by 'Zhoubita ***' from Southern Sung, we discover that both of them had the same characteristics in their diaries, which are mainly records of conversations between the grand councilors & executive officials that were held with the emperor. Despite limitations inherent in diaries based on the viewpoint of grand councilors and executive officials, they provide a vivid depiction of the decision-making process in the Sung Dynasty at various bureaucratic levels from the emperor, grand councilors and executive officials, attendants, censors & remonstrators as well as eunuchs. (5) Nevertheless, Zhoubita wrote the 'Chronicles of Feng Zhao ***' at the same time. The 'Chronicles of Feng Zhao' is a digest of replies to 'Imperial Correspondences' sent directly from the emperor to government officials in a diary-style format. When the development of these 'Imperial Correspondences' is considered in terms of actual events that occurred at the end of Northern Sung, the preserving of these records along with the conversations held with the emperor demonstrates the importance placed on them. Changes in the descriptive style of the diaries are skillfully brought into agreement as-is with the adjustments in the political structure at the time. Less