Development of Distributed Snowmelt Runoff model taking the atmospheric turbulence into effect

建立了一个分布式融雪径流模型，并在乌诺河流域、密西西比河流域和勒纳河流域进行了检验。如果对降雪量和降雪量与海拔高度的依赖关系进行校正，则该模式的应用是成功的。前者的修正与雨量计对降雪量的截留率有关，后者则与降雪量随海拔升高而增加的推测有关，为了验证融雪径流模型的可靠性，对模型的中间状态变量进行了两种检验。一个是积雪面积，可以用人造卫星(本例中为Landsat)的数据来测量，并与径流模型的输出进行比较。结果表明，要在定量意义上检验这一变量，需要做大量的工作，将陆地卫星数据与地面实况资料进行核对。第二项检验是地面边界层内的湍流热通量，将其与感热和潜热的融雪项进行比较。在乌诺河流域对雪盖上的湍流热通量进行了测量，并与模式输出进行了检验，结果表明两者吻合较好。

A distributed snowmelt runoff model is developed and tested with the Uono River basin and the Mississippi and Lena River basins. Application of the model is shown to be successful if the snowfall precipitation is corrected for the amount of precipitation and the dependence on the altitude. The former correction is believed to have to do with the catch ratio of the rain gage for snow precipitation, while the latter is due to the speculation that the snow precipitation increase with elevation.In order to ascertain the reliability of the snowmelt runoff model, two kinds of verification of the intermediate state variables of the model is tested. One is the snow-covered area, which can be measured with the data of a artificial satellite, Landsat in this case, to be compared with the output of the runoff model. It is shown that to test this variable in the quantitative sense needs extensive work to check the Landsat data with the ground truth data.The second item tested is the turbulent heat flux inside of the surface boundary layer to be compared with the snowmelt terms of sensible and latent heat. The turbulent heat flux over the snowcover is measured in the Uono River basin and tested with the model output showing the good agreement.