Chemical pproxy parametarization for evaluating prehistoric human activities.

该项目的目的是编制分析程序，以确定人类活动的化学证据，并开发一种化学方法，将人类遗骸与考古遗址中发现的自然物质区分开来。我们关注有机化合物和稳定同位素组成，因为这两个参数有望表征人类农业活动和野生动物驯化。土壤样本采集于一些考古遗址、现代农田和自然农田。通过气相色谱-质谱联用分析，提取脂质组分中的部分化合物，鉴定其分子组成。同时研究了稳定碳、氮同位素比值，以表征农业活动对土壤有机质的生物地球化学扰动。骨胶原同位素分析也被用于区分猪群和猪群的驯化。现代农田土壤有机质分析结果表明，土壤有机质δ^<13>C和δ^<15>N可作为C4植物种植和人为干扰土壤微生物的有效指标。以此为基础，在北海道千岁市绳纹中期遗址“Bibi”挖掘遗址中发现的土壤样品表明，至少在4000年前，史前人类就曾对这些遗址进行过某种处理。除了这一证据，分子证据脱氧胆酸，人类胆汁的组成部分，固体脂质部分也表明可能使用人类剩余物作为肥料或厕所。对江户时代因火山爆发而消失的群马县神福中町墓地的土壤样本进行了同样的分析。在一个农场和一个农户的粪池土壤中近距离检测到脱氧胆酸，表明这种分子可以作为指示粪肥处理的有希望的代理。骨胶原的碳氮同位素比值被用来区分猪和野猪。研究结果表明，猪的早期驯化可能由于人类人工喂养而产生不同寻常的同位素模式，因此它可以作为早期猪饲养证据的有用代理。少

The purpose of this project is to prepare analytical procedures to identify a chemical evidence of human activities and to develop a chemical method to discriminate human remains from natural substances found in archeological sites. We focused organic compounds and stable isotope compositions, as both parameters are expected to characterize human agricultural activity and domestication of wild animals.Soil samples were collected from some archaeological sites, modern agricultural fields and natural fields. Some compounds in lipid fraction were extracted for identifying molecular composition by gas chromatography-mass spectrometer analysis. Stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes ratios were simultaneously studied to characterize biogeochemical perturbation of soil organic matter under taking agricultural activity. Bone collagen isotope analyses were also applied to discriminate domestication of Sus scrofa from wild boar populations.Soil organic matter analysis in modern agricultural field … More revealed that δ^<13>C and δ^<15>N of soil organic matter can be a useful proxy indicating C4 plants cultivation and consequent human perturbation of the soil microbe. Based on this result, soil samples from Bibi excavation site, a middle-Jomon sites in Chitose city, Hokkaido, evidences that there should be some kind treatment by prehistoric human at least 4,000 years, ago. In addition to this evidence molecular evidence by deoxycholic acids, a component of human bile, for soild lipid fraction also suggested likely usage of human leftover as fertilizer or toilet.Same analysis was applied to soil samples from burial site, Kamifukushima Nakamachi in Gunma prefecture, a lost village by a volcanic eruption in Edo era. Deoxycholic acid was detected closely in the soil from both a farm and manure sink in a farmer house, indicating that such molecules can be a promising proxy indicating manure treatment.Carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios of bone collagen were used to identify a individual of pigs from wild boar. We revealed that early domestication of boar could produce pigs having unusual isotopic patterns due to artificial feeding by human being, then it ca be useful proxy to detect early evidence of pig feeding. Less