Political Economy of the Second Generation Policy Reform in Latin America

拉美国家在20世纪90年代进行了大刀阔斧的政策改革，追求市场机制。然而，政策改革的结果并不一定意味着大多数拉丁美洲国家恢复持续增长和改善社会公平。从这个意义上说，拉丁美洲有必要进行改善国家和制度作用的所谓“第二代政策改革”。本课题的主要目的是，从经济学、国际关系学、政治学的交叉学科的角度，对以下问题进行研究。(1)拉丁美洲第二代改革的基本挑战是什么？(2)政府如何以及为什么能够激励国家和机构改革？(3)民主的发展如何促进第二代改革？在项目的头两年，每个研究人员都对指定的国家进行了研究：巴西，阿根廷和智利。研究结果发表在《拉丁美洲的政策改革》一卷中，里贝，科比大学，2003年。在课题的最后一年，由于调查员细野教授被任命为驻厄瓜多尔大使而退出了课题组，所以我们把课题集中在阿根廷的货币危机和劳工运动上。作为临时结论，我们可以强调以下几点：（1）要想在拉丁美洲推进第二代改革，最关键的因素在于政府自身的激励。什么影响了政府的激励结构？(2)我们认识到，全球化和民主政治制度的深化加强了与世界经济的联系，有助于改善政府的激励结构。

Latin American countries have embarked on dramatic policy reforms in the 1990s that pursue market mechanism. However the consequences of the policy reforms do not necessarily mean a resurgence of sustained growth and improvement of social equity in most of the Latin American countries. In this sense, it is very essential for Latin America to conduct so-called "Second Generation Policy Reforms" that improve state and institutional roles.The main objective of this project is to investigate the following questions from an interdisciplinary approach that combines economics, international relations, and political science.(1) What are the basic challenges for the second generation reform in Latin America?(2) How and why governments can have incentives for states and institutional reform?(3) How the developments of democracy can contribute to the second generation reform?In the first two years of the project, each investigators conducted researches with respects to the assigned countries : Brazil, Argentina, and Chile. The research results were published in the volume, Policy Reforms in Latin America, RIBE, Kobe University, 2003. In the final year of the project, since one of the investigators, Professor Hosono declined from the team because of the appointment to the Ambassador in Ecuador, we focused on the theme regarding currency crisis and labor movement in Argentina.As interim conclusions we can stress a couple of important points :(1) In order to progress the second generation reform in Latin America, the most essential factor lies in the incentives of the governments themselves. What have influenced the incentive structure of the governments?(2) We understand that increasing linkages to the world economy by globalization and deepening of the democratic political system have contributed to the improvements of the incentive structures of the governments.