Integrated Coastal Zone Management : Application of Osaka Bay Research to Bohai Sea, China

根据中国政府的报告，在过去二十年中，赤潮经常在大范围内发生。日本在20世纪60年代也观察到了类似的富营养化现象。水体污染、赤潮出现、水体缺氧等，随着经济的快速增长而发展。渤海的表面积约为大坂湾的100倍，因此没有进行综合实地调查。从技术转移的角度，将大坂湾实地调查获得的知识转移到更好地了解渤海的水动力学和生态系统。（1）提出了大坂湾环境信息系统（Osaka Bay Environmental Information System，OBEIS）的概念，提出了OBEIS是为综合管理不同时空尺度的环境信息数据而开发的。富尔泰姆 ...更多信息 本文对环境影响评价中的“环境标准”概念进行了批判，提出了考虑自然现象模糊性的多标准评价方法。(2)In 20世纪60年代，随着经济的迅速发展，沿海地区的水污染成为严重的问题。政府实施了区域污染物总量控制。应用水生生态系统模型，评价了大坂湾水污染的过程和这种控制对水质的定量影响。从1950年到2020年进行的模拟表明，负荷控制应扩大到不仅包括COD，还包括氮和磷，因为这两种营养物质都会导致COD的内部产生。（3）通过对北丹海峡附近海域的实地调查，研究了流向大坂湾的水流结构和营养盐通量。结果表明，该海域的层化主要取决于黑潮的弯曲，黑潮远离盐野岬点，营养盐通过海峡底层侵入大坂湾。从纪伊水道向大坂湾输送的营养盐的流入量与从陆地排放的营养盐的流入量几乎相同。（4）大坂湾的湾头港区，由于城市化程度高，已被开发成具有复杂人工岛和防波堤的封闭区域。这一地区的海面一年四季都频繁发生藻华。在夏季，缺氧底层水常常因分层而上涌。由于氧气的耗尽，上涌的缺氧水团造成了类似于藻华引起的严重水污染问题。为了在讨论的基础上开发精细的三维斜压流模型，与中国研究人员举行了四次会议。水平尺寸为480公里x350公里，而平均水深仅为18米。流体动力学特征可以被阐明。生态系统建模正在筹备中。少

It has been reported from Chinese Government that red tides have often occurred in the wide ranges in the past two decades. Similar eutrophication phenomena were also observed in 1960's in Japan. Water contamination, red tide appearance, anoxic water, etc., had developed accompanied with rapidly economic growth. The surface area in Bohai Sea is about 100 times as large as that of Osaka Bay ; therefore, synthetic field surveys are not carried out. The knowledge, which has been obtained by field surveys in Osaka Bay, is transported to better understanding of hydrodynamics and ecosystem in Bohai Sea from the viewpoints of technology transfer. In addition, integrated coastal zone management system was developed for environmental conservation in Osaka Bay.Main results are shown as follows ;(1)The concept of Osaka Bay Environmental Information System(OBEIS) is shown, which is developed for synthetically management of environmental information data with various time and space sizes. Furthermo … More re, the authors criticize the concept of "environmental standard" in environmental impact assessment and provide the multi-criteria methodologies taken the fuzzy features appeared in natural phenomena into account.(2)In 1960's water pollution in coastal seas became serious problems on the back of rapidly economic growth. Area-wide Total Pollutant Load Control was put into force by the Government. An aquatic ecosystem model was applied to evaluate the processes of water pollution and quantitative impacts of such control on the water quality in Osaka Bay. The simulation, performed from 1950 to 2020, suggests that the load control should be expanded to include not only COD but nitrogen and phosphorus as well, because both nutrients cause internal production of COD.(3)Field surveys around the Kitan Strait were carried out to clarify the flow structure and nutrients fluxes to the Osaka Bay. The results showed that the stratification in this area depends on the Kuroshio Current meandering, and that nutrients intrude to Osaka Bay through the bottom layer of the strait as Kuroshio Current is detached far from Shiono-misaki point. The inflows of nutrients transported from Kii Channel to Osaka Bay are almost same order discharged from land(4)The harbor site in the head of Osaka Bay, which is highly urbanized, has been developed into an enclosed area with complicated artificial islands and breakwaters. Algal blooms frequently occur on the sea surface in this area throughout the year. During summer there is often upwelling of anoxic bottom water depending on stratification. Because of the depletion of oxygen, the upwelling anoxic water mass causes a serious water pollution problem similar to the problem caused by algal bloom.Four meetings were held with Chinese researchers in order to develop refined three dimensional baroclinic flow model based on discussion. Horizontal size is 480km x 350km, while average water depth is only 18 m. Hydrodynamic features can be clarified. Ecosystem modeling is in preparation. Less