Empirical Research of Technology Transfer Process as Organizational Ecology and Inter-organizational Learning

在本研究项目的第一阶段，我们调查了社会制度和技术转移过程的实际情况。很明显，在从大学转让技术的情况下，以及在以大学为基础的企业中，商业头脑是稀缺的。企业管理层的能力是技术转移成功与否的关键，在后一阶段，项目分为企业内部技术转移和企业间技术转移两个研究阶段。作为对企业内部技术转移的研究，本文以蓝光LED诉讼案为例，对职务发明进行了评价。我们从以下管理角度考察了实际的公司活动和市场交易：(1)基于许可业务实际情况的专利权的货币价值；(2)发明者自担风险时的创业租金；(3)基于资源的公司战略理论；(4)基于激励理论的货币回报效应。从以上四个角度分析，高等法院提出的和解金额远远超过地方法院判决的金额。作为对公司间技术转移的研究，我们将重点放在日本公司在技术开发方面处于领先地位但失去市场份额的光盘产业的案例中。如果产品架构变得模块化，起源于日本的技术将很快转移到韩国、台湾和中国。然而，即使在这种情况下，日本公司的完整技术也被封装在零部件、材料和生产设备中。追赶国中的大多数公司依赖于这些技术，封装的部件和材料的结构是不可或缺的。事实证明，产品架构对公司间技术转移的速度有很大的影响。

In the first phase of this research project, we investigated the social system and actual situation of the technology-transfer process. It became clear that business mind is scarce in the case of technology transfer from universities and in the university-based ventures. The ability of the manager in the business side is a key for a success of technology transfer.In the latter phase, the project was divided into two researches, the intra-firm technology transfer and inter-firm technology transfer. As research on the intra-firm technology transfer, "the blue LED lawsuit" was taken up as an example about the evaluation of job invention. We examined actual corporate activity and market transactions from the following management viewpoints ; (1)Monetary value of patent right based on the actual condition of licensing business ; (2)Entrepreneurial rent when the inventors start their business at their own risk ; (3)The resource based theory of a corporate strategy ; (4)The effect of the monetary reward based on motivation theory. When analyzed from the above four viewpoints, the amount of reconciliation which the High Court presented was far appropriate than the amount of money of district court judgment.As research on the inter-firm technology transfer, we focused on the case of the optical disc industry in which Japanese companies took the lead in technology development but lost market share. If product architecture becomes modular type, the technology originated in Japan will quickly transfer to South Korea, Taiwan, and China. However, even in that case, the integral know-how of Japanese companies is encapsulated into parts, materials, and the production equipments. Most of the firms in catch-up countries depend on those know-how encapsulated parts and materials whose architecture is integral. It turned out that product architecture has had strong influence against the speed of the technology transfer between companies.