Comparative Analysis of Enterprises in the Former Soviet Countries and the Central and East European Countries

当我们把前苏联国家的企业与中东欧国家的企业进行比较时，我们可以从几个方面进行比较。研究人员曾经从一般的角度比较过这些(加藤静子，《前苏联国家和中东欧国家的商业和管理》，见：Toshio Takahashi(编辑)，比较管理，Zeimukeirikyoukai，2003)。在本研究项目中，研究者试图进行比较，重点放在两个主题上：(1)企业与社会的关系是什么？(2)中小企业在多大程度上成长了？(1)前苏联国家(如俄罗斯)和中东欧国家(如波兰)企业的主要区别之一是，前苏联企业与政府和公共行政的联系更紧密，倾向于将精力集中在寻租活动上。在俄罗斯，这种倾向最早出现在叶利钦总统任期内。但最近我们可以发现普京担任总统期间出现了一些积极变化的迹象。(2)尽管许多作者已经提到了中小企业发展对转型经济体的重要性，但各国中小企业发展的现状存在很大差异。基于我们对俄罗斯、波兰、匈牙利和中国等国中小企业发展的比较研究，我们可以说：(1)中小企业本身的数量发展并不能保证经济的发展，而中小企业的质量更重要。(2)各国中小企业的发展状况与本国的宏观经济形势、社会文化环境、计划经济在社会主义时期的运行方式等密切相关。(3)各国中小企业扶持政策应有所不同。

When we are going to compare the enterprises in the former Soviet Countries with those in the Central and East European countries, we can do so from several points of view. The investigator has ever compared those from general point of view (Shizuko KATO, "Business and management in the Former Soviet countries and the Central and East European countries" in : Toshio TAKAHASHI (ed.), Comparative management, Zeimukeirikyoukai,2003). In this research project, the investigator tried to make comparison, focusing on two topics; (1) what are the relationships between business and society? (2) to what extent have small and medium sized enterprises (SME) grown up?(1) One of the main differences between the enterprises in the former Soviet countries (for instance, Russia) and the Central and East European countries (for instance, Poland) is that the former Soviet enterprises are more closely connected to government and public administration, and tend to concentrate their effort on rent-seeking activity. In Russia such a tendency first appeared in the Yel'tsin presidency. But recently we can find some symptoms of positive changes in the Putin presidency.(2) While many authors have already mentioned the importance of SME development for the transition economies, current situation of SME development is considerably different from country to country. Based on our comparative research of SME development in Russia, Poland, Hungary, and China, we can say as follows: (1) The quantitative development of SME itself cannot secure the economic development, and the quality of SME is more important. (2) The situation of SME development in each country is closely related to the country's macroeconomic situation, social and cultural environment, the way how its planned economy functioned in the socialist period, and so on. (3) SME support policy should be different among countries.