Towards the Wise Use of Coral Sea: Biological and Social Scientific Research about Optimal Use ＆ Resource Management of Marine Environmental Resources

1.我们的研究旨在研究人类活动对珊瑚群落和相关生态系统的实际影响，例如陆地上的经济活动或休闲潜水，并实施社会/经济/法律的机制，使海洋自然资源的可持续利用成为可能。为了实现这些目标，我们选择了两个主要领域：一个是在高知县的柏岛，那里的冲突和过度使用的珊瑚海问题，另一个是在奄美群岛的约伦岛，正在遭受严重的珊瑚漂白事件。2.约伦群岛当地居民开始了Um（=珊瑚）项目，以促进珊瑚的恢复。支持这一观点的调查结果如下：（1）生态调查：西北珊瑚礁约50%被活珊瑚覆盖。新定居的幼珊瑚很少，除了这里有71种。2007年的定居量是140个盘子（10平方厘米）上的107个少年，并没有那么多。大多数青年 ...更多信息 该珊瑚是Porites，隶属于Acropora和Pociloporidae属。新定居点的密度最高的西北礁，这是非常罕见的，在其他外礁。在西北礁还发现了珊瑚幼体定居的陶瓷，约17%的陶瓷被幼体定居。这表明了通过珊瑚礁中的陶瓷移植来恢复活珊瑚的可能性。(2)水质调查结果表明，在部分采样点，DIN和DIP浓度分别超过10-20 μM和1-2 μM。与其他珊瑚礁相比，这些值明显较高。流入沿海地区的水量并不多，但流入陆地沃茨中的浓度有时极高。结果表明，高富营养化的陆地水流入沿海环境可能是珊瑚礁破坏的原因。(3)法律的研究：《牲畜粪便适当处理和生产利用法》旨在纠正牲畜粪便的不当管理，但其效果不足以保护约伦岛这样的小岛的环境。政府和人民对畜禽粪便的处理和利用制定了独特的标准，并建立了堆肥中心。约伦的挑战给我们提供了一个关键，什么样的政策可以执行，以实现普遍的保护和繁殖的珊瑚礁。其次，富营养化的地下水有可能外流入海，破坏珊瑚礁。关于地下水利用管制的可能性，地下水超采管制并不一定意味着取得土地所有权，而只是限制其行使，如果证明管制是必要的，并且没有限制性较小的替代方案，不仅可以通过法令引入风险管制（污染控制和防止地面沉降），还可以通过法令引入地下水开采许可证制度。3.柏岛群岛：截至1996年，共发现鱼类884种，隶属于143科。这种高的鱼类多样性可能与造礁珊瑚群落的发育密切相关。但是，由于潜水者、食珊瑚的腹足类动物的数量不断增加，加上台风频繁袭击，珊瑚群落受到严重破坏。(1)与有珊瑚群落和无珊瑚群落的2个试验点的鱼类区系差异相比，毛齿类、盖棘类、盖棘类、唇鱼类、叉尾类和棘尾类的鱼类个体数差异显著。（2）造礁石珊瑚群落在2003- 04年被台风摧毁。2005年，覆盖率为1- 3%。台风后幼珊瑚的日生长率分别为1.09%（牛之滨）、0.48%（龙之滨）。(3)通过CVM和CB方法，对该珊瑚海生物多样性效益进行了评价，并分析了影响支付意愿的因素。4.综上所述，我们根据人类参与模式的差异对珊瑚海恶化的因素进行了分类，并通过案例研究考虑了缓解这种恶化的环境手段/政策。因此，我澄清说，明智利用的关键是以渔民团体为代表的当地社区/传统/现在的海洋使用者协会是否主动建立良好的珊瑚海利用秩序。少

1. Our research aims to study actual human impacts, e.g. by economic activity in land area, or by leisure diving, on coral community and the related ecosystem, and implementing social/economic/legal mechanism that make sustainable use of marine natural resources possible. To achieve these goals, we chose 2 main fields : one is the Kashiwajima Island in the Kochi Prefecture where conflicts and overuse in coral sea are at issue, the other is the Yoron Island in the Amami Archipelago that is suffering from serious coral bleaching events. 2. The Yoron Is. : Local residents started Um (= coral) project to promote the restoration of coral. The results of the surveys for supporting this are as follows: (1) Ecological survey: Northwest coral reef was covered at about 50% by living corals. Newly settled juvenile corals were very few except for here where 71 species were recognized. The amount of settlement in 2007 was 107 juveniles on 140 plates (10cm square) and was not so much. Most of juveni … More le corals are Porites, subordinately genus Acropora and Pocilloporidae. Highest density of newly settlement was observed at the northwest reef and it was very rare at other outer-reefs. Ceramics for settlement of coral larvae was also set at the northwest reef and juveniles settled about 17 % of the ceramics. These show a possibility of recovering living corals by the ceramic transplantation in the reef. (2) Water quality survey : As results, in some sampling sites, DIN and DIP concentrations were often over 10-20 μm and 1-2 μM, respectively. These values are significantly high compared with other coral reef. The amounts of water volume flowing into the coastal areas were not so much, but these concentrations in inflow land waters were sometimes extremely high. It was suggested that inflow of highly eutrophic land water to the coastal environment would be possibly causative to the coral reef damage. (3) Legal study : The effect of Law Concerning the Appropriate Treatment and Production of Utilization of Livestock Manure, to correct inappropriate management of livestock manure, was not enough to protect the environment of a small island like Yoron. The government and the people made a unique standard about treatment and utilization of livestock manure and constructed the compost center. Yoron's challenge gives us the key to what policy can be enforceable to realize general protection and reproducing of coral reef. Next, there is the probability that eutrophicated groundwater outflow to sea and damage coral reef. Then about the possibility of regulating groundwater utilization, regulation of groundwater overdraft does not necessarily mean the taking of landownership, but just limiting the exercise of it, not only risk regulations (pollution control and prevention of land subsidence) but permit system of ground water extraction can be introduced through ordinances if it is proved that the regulations is necessary and there is no less restrictive alternatives. 3. The Kashiwajima Is.: It has been reported 884 fish species belonging to 143 families occurred by 1996. Such high fish diversity might have close relation with the development of hermatypic coral community. But the coral community was given severe damage by the increasing number of divers, corallivorous gastropods and frequent typhoon attacks. (1) Compared with the difference of fish fauna at the 2 experimental sites where coral community is present and absent, the fish individual numbers are significant different in chaetodontids, pomacanthids, pomacentrids, labrids, scarids and acanthurids. (2)The hermatypic coral community was destroyed by typhoons in 2003-4. In 2005, the rate of coverage was 1-3 %. The daily growth rate of young corals after typhoon attacks are 1.09% (Ushironohama), 0.48% (Ryunohama) a day. (3) By CVM and CB, we evaluated the benefits of biodiversity in this coral sea and analyzed factors determined WTP. 4. To conclude, we classified the factors of deteriorating coral sea by the difference of human involvements' pattern, and considered environmental means/policy to mitigate such deteriorations through the case studies. So I clarified that the key to wise use is held by the point whether local community/association of traditional/present sea user, represented by fishermen's group, take the initiative to make good order of utilizing coral sea. Less